The Inocybe-Conocybe workshops at Dombås 2021-2022

Some results from the Inocybe (- Conocybe ) workshops at Dombås 2021-2022 are presented, with emphasis on the 2021 Inocybe results, based on extensive ITS-DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Among the 60 Inocybe s. lat. species sequence-verified in 2021, 30 were new to Norway. Most species were found in subalpine tall-herb Betula forests and calcareous low alpine Betula nana-Salix thickets, and more than half of the species are believed to be preferentially alpine-subalpine taxa.


INTRODUCTION
In 2021 a Norwegian project on Inocybe s. lat.and Conocybe s. lat.was initiated, with emphasis on sorting out the complex and little known species diversity by barcoding and phylogenetic analysis.The title of the project is "The hidden diversity of the genera Conocybe s.lat. and Inocybe s. lat. (agaricoid basidiomycetes) in Norway", and the project is funded 2021-23 by the Species project (Artsprosjektet) in the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre (Artsdatabanken) The workshops have been a fruitful cooperation between the Inocybe-Conocybe project, the NSNF mycological association, and Nor-BOL/NHM at the Univ Oslo.NorBOL/NHM did participate with a barcoding team at both Dombås workshops, preparing ITS-DNA sequencing of most of the collected Inocybe-Conocybe material (approximately 350 collections + some from other genera).In this three-way cooperation, the project has been able to contribute with the best European expertise on Inocybe, including good knowledge on hotspot habitats, and presenting exhibitions and commenting on interesting species.The NSNF association has contributed with a good and enthusiastic mapping/surveying team, practical arrange-ment, and NHM/NorBOL has offered extensive barcoding treatment and handling of material to herbarium.In the end, the project members have been able to contribute also on interpretations on the sequences, including construction of phylogenetic trees.It should be noted that the entire process of (NorBOL) sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analyses of the sequences takes time, and only the results from the first workshop is completed per January 2023.The approximately 150 sequenced samples from 2022 workshop are still under processing, but according to expert identifications during the workshop, these seem to include more than 30 species not found in 2021, resulting in nearly 100 Inocybe species recorded during the two workshops.In 2022 some habitats not visited in 2021 were included, such as alpine, calcareous Dryas heaths, rich, sandy pine forests along the Lågen river and a general higher focus on the often Inocyberich sandy roadsides.In the following, we will focus on the results from 2021.

RESULTS 2021
In Table 1.results from the Dombås 2021 workshop are presented.Altogether 60 Inocybe s. lat.species were verified by ITS-DNA sequencing.Half of these taxa were new to Norway.This is a remarkably high degree of "hidden diversity" (even higher than we have experienced with Cortinarius and Entoloma).Some of these new species have a precise match with types and thus a proper name, including I. alberichiana, I. cygnea, I. iseranensis, I. lampetiana, I. oloris, I. paragiacomi, I. pararubens v. padjelantae and Pseudosperma vinosistipitatum (Table 1) Most of these names are brand new ones, Figure 1.Inocybe carissima, a species published autumn 2022 (see Bandini et al. 2022b).In connection with the Dombås workshop this was found richly fruiting in luxuriant tall-herb vegetation along brook in spruce forest at Fodnes, Nord-Aurdal, Valdres.The species belongs to the I. pholiotinoides group, characterized e.g. by the yellowing of gills and stipe, and the cystidia turning golden yellow with KOH.I. carissima seems to be the only species in this group that grows in spruce forests.Photo B. Dima.described during the last three years; see e.g.Bandini et al. (2021Bandini et al. ( , 2022a) ) and Vauras & Larsson (2020).Inocybe carissima is the most recent of our species, being described November 2022, based partly on material from the workshop (Table 1, Figure 1; see also Bandini et al. 2022b).But most of the new-to-Norway represent taxa with still no match on reference sequences, and these are apparently yet undescribed.Many of these are sisters to more well-known species, and have here working names relating to these sister relationships, such as I. curvipes2, I. pholiotinoides2 (Figure 2), I. subpaleacea2, and I. virgatula2.Some of the new ones may be (semi-)cryptic species, hard to distinguish from their sisters.Some have a match with a GenBank sequence, but the naming of this is not yet verified by type-sequencing, such as our OTU293 with working name Inocybe xanthomelas2 s.PAM (sensu Pierre-Arthur Moreau).
According to available data, more than half of the species seem to be preferentially subalpine-alpine species (Table 1).Some of these may also occur in the lowlands, but still have their major populations in the mountains.Just a few of our Dombås species appear to be more or less strict alpine-arctic taxa, such as I. favrei and I. phaeocystidiosa.It should, however, be noted that 2021 was a poor season in the middle alpine zone (such as in Salix herbacea snowbeds), so we did only a little collecting at higher levels this year.Some of the most frequently found species, such as Pseudosperma bulbosissimum (7 sequenceverified collections) were found both in subalpine and alpine zone (Figure 3).This has no verified lowland finds in Norway.However, more ubiquitose species also occur.Two of   ) was together with Pseudosperma bulbosissimum the most frequent species in the sequenced material from 2021.This species is known to be frequent in lowland coniferous forests, but the workshop data shown that this is also frequent in subalpine Betula forests, with occurrences also up in the alpine zone.Photo: B. Dima.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Pseudosperma bulbosissimum was one of the most frequent species in our sequenced material from Dombås 2021.Seven collections from subalpine Betula forest and alpine Betula nana-Salix heaths were verified.The species, being recognized e.g. on the more or less bulbous stem base, has hardly been known from Norway up to now, with just a couple of collections from Svalbard and one from Kongsvold, Dovre.Photo: B. Dima.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Inocybe virgatula (I.fuscidula s. auct.) was together with Pseudosperma bulbosissimum the most frequent species in the sequenced material from 2021.This species is known to be frequent in lowland coniferous forests, but the workshop data shown that this is also frequent in subalpine Betula forests, with occurrences also up in the alpine zone.Photo: B. Dima.