Additive conjunction across languages: ‘dessuten’ and its correspondences in English and French

The present study investigates the Norwegian additive connective ‘dessuten’ and its correspondences in English and French. The investigation is based on material from parallel corpora with the language pairs Norwegian-English and Norwegian-French. Since neither English nor French has any clearly favoured counterpart to ‘dessuten’, the wide range of correspondences lends itself to a study of the semantic field of additive conjunction. The individual correspondences of ‘dessuten’ differ as regards the degree of emphasis given to the conjunction and as to the relative weighting of the conjoined segments. The position of ‘dessuten’ is found to have an impact on the choice of overt vs. zero correspondence and also on the choice of lexical correspondence. By means of the semantic mirror method a semantic map of additive conjunction, as seen from the perspective of ‘dessuten’, is outlined.

Connectives and the expression of conjunctive relations are known to vary across languages, and therefore constitute a fruitful area of cross-linguistic study.The type of cohesive tie known as conjunction (Halliday & Hasan 1976, 226ff.)can be realized by conjunctions and adverbials as well as clausal expressions such as what is more.As pointed out by Bondi (2012), "complete equivalence […] is not the rule" when connectives are investigated across languages.The conjunctive relation of addition (Halliday & Hasan 1976, 244ff.)has been described as one of the most basic forms of cohesion, for example because it is acquired early by children (Knott & Sanders 1998;Spooren & Sanders 2008).Addition, prototypically expressed by the conjunction and, realizes a weak semantic connection between two discourse segments, providing a conjunctional, but no implicational, relation between two segments (Spooren & Sanders 2008, 2006).An additive relation between adjacent segments need not be marked by an explicit connector, but can be inferred if the segments contain referents that are "related in the world of experience [...], at the very least by simultaneity or succession" (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004, 406).
The starting point of the present investigation was the observation that the Norwegian additive connector dessuten is significantly more frequent in Norwegian original texts than in translations from English, while its frequency varies markedly between fiction and non-fiction in translations from French.Moreover, dessuten does not have any obvious English or French counterpart, but is translated from and into a range of expressions.The translation paradigms of dessuten should thus be a productive starting point for studying the expression of additive conjunction across the three languages Norwegian, English and French.
The investigation is based on the Oslo Multilingual Corpus (OMC), especially the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus (ENPC) and the French-Norwegian Parallel Corpus (FNPC).In addition the multilingual translation corpus of Norwegian texts with translations into English, French and German (No-En-Fr-Ge) has been used to supplement the FNPC.The ENPC and the FNPC are bidirectional translation corpora; i.e. they contain both originals and translations in both languages.Both are divided into a fiction and a non-fiction part.The No-En-Fr-Ge translation corpus, however, contains only fiction, and is unidirectional, with Norwegian originals. 1 Searches in these corpora reveal numerous translation correspondences of dessuten, for example besides, also, what is more, moreover and in addition / en outre, de plus, aussi and d'ailleurs, but none of them occurs above 25% of the time.Examples (1) and (2) give a brief impression of the variation.The present investigation includes a consideration of the contexts in which the different options are used.For example, the various correspondences of dessuten may be associated with different style levels, as indicated by the comparison of fictional and non-fictional texts.Furthermore, the various correspondences may differ slightly in meaning.Such meaning differences become clearer if we look at the translations into Norwegian of the most frequent English and French correspondences of dessuten.Finally, potential translation effects may be detected by comparing originals to translations in the same language.On the basis of corre- additive conjunction across languages [71] spondences in the OMC, I will attempt to draw up a semantic map of the additive relation across Norwegian, English and French.
[2] a c l o s e r l o o k at a d d i t i v e c o n j u n c t i o n a n d i t s e x p r e s s i o n s conjunction, as defined by Halliday & Hasan (1976), refers to the type of cohesive tie that is realized by conjunctions and adverbials.Conjunction gives "a specification of the way in which what is to follow is systematically connected to what has gone before" (ibid., 227).In this framework, there are four main types of conjunction: • Additive: the 'and' relation; adding (and), subtracting (nor), giving alternatives (or) • Adversative: the 'but' relation, 'contrary to expectation' • Causal: the 'because' relation (cause, means, purpose, condition) • Temporal: successive, simultaneous An additive relation can be set up between real-world events or between "arguments in an exposition" (Martin & Rose 2007, 133).These uses have been described as external and internal addition, respectively (see Halliday & Hasan (1976, 242) and Martin & Rose (2007, 115ff)).Relatively unambiguous illustrations are provided in (3) and (4): in (3), two propositions are juxtaposed and linked referentially by simultaneity and linguistically by the conjunctions og/and/et plus dessuten in the Norwegian original.In (4), the clause with dessuten provides an additional argument against the addressee's choice of a name.
(3) a.The distinction between external and internal conjunction might be useful for describing certain translation choices, particularly as certain English markers of addition (e.g.furthermore) are listed as typically internal in Halliday & Hasan (1976, 242).In practice, however, the distinction is hard to use systematically; individual instances often encode both, as the juxtaposition of real-world events may well contribute to constructing an argument.
It may be noted that Martin & Rose (2007) list sidetracking as a subtype of (internal) addition, typically marked by connectives such as anyway or incidentally.This meaning may be inherent in dessuten, as indicated by the overview of dictionary definitions, including synonyms and translations, given in Table 1.Bokmålsordboka and Nynorskordboka simply list some synonyms of dessuten (in addition to the etymology 'uten det' = 'without that'), while Norsk Ordbok and Norsk Riksmålsordbok give some (very similar) definitions as well, roughly saying "in addition to what has just been mentioned; used when presenting something that serves as further explanation or justification; connecting to a statement that delimits or contradicts what has just been said". 3Dessuten denotes the type of additive relation that is termed "positive polarity" by Knott & Sanders (1998); their negative polarity addition corresponds broadly to Halliday & Hasan's (1976) "adversative".The additive relation can also include "alternative" in most accounts, e.g.Martin & Rose (2007, 124).For the sake of precision, let me emphasize that the present study is concerned with positive polarity addition, not including the "alternative" subtype (the 'or'-relation). [3] Glosses of the Norwegian synonyms of dessuten (in alphabetical order): attåt ('besides'), dertil ('thereto', 'in addition'), elles/ellers ('otherwise'), forresten ('incidentally'), for uten ('without'), i tillegg til det ('in addition to that'), tillike ('similarly').
OSLa volume 6(1), 2014 additive conjunction across languages [73] [3] c l a s s i f y i n g c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s Following Johansson (2007, 23) the term correspondence is used to refer to sources as well as translations of a given word/phrase.Correspondences can be of three types: • congruent, in which case the two items compared have the same syntactic form, as in (1a) and (1b) above, where the adverb dessuten is translated by the adverb moreover; • divergent, in which case the two items compared belong to different word classes, as in (2a) and (2b), where the adverb is translated by the conjunction and, or in (2a) and (2c) where the adverb is translated by a prepositional phrase (albeit lexicalized and functioning as an adverbial); • zero, in which case there is no overt expression of the word/phrase in the translation (as in ( 5)) or in the source text (as in ( 6)).
(5) a. Melk ble dessuten brukt i mat og til mat, … (AAS1) Lit: 'milk was dessuten used in food and with food' b.Nous avons utilisé le lait comme aliment, … (AAS1TF) Lit: 'we have used the milk as foodstuff' (6) a.Dr. P.s tinningslapper var øyensynlig helt intakte.Dessuten hadde han en vidunderlig musikalsk cortex.(OS1TN) b.Dr. P.'s temporal lobes were obviously intact: he had a wonderful musical cortex.(OS1) A correspondence such as that shown in (7) has also been counted as zero, as the additive relation expressed by dessuten is not present in the French original, which instead has a temporal adverb (désormais).[74] hilde hasselgård the expression of the relation coded in Norwegian by dessuten varies across languages; in fact the differences between original and translation is significant for both the ENPC and the FNPC. 4 The general trend is one of underuse in the translations, except that FNPC fiction shows the reverse trend.The difference between fiction and non-fiction, however, is significant only in the FNPC; in the ENPC it is not.As Table 2 shows, there are very few examples of dessuten in the original fiction part of the FNPC.In order to get a broader range of French translation correspondences, 100 random examples of dessuten with French translations were added from the No-En-Fr-Ge translation corpus.Table 2 shows the total number of occurrences of dessuten in the No-En-Fr-Ge, a frequency which is much higher than in FNPC fiction.This oddity must be due to the small size of FNPC fiction (see Table B, Appendix) as well as the much longer text extracts in No-En-Fr-Ge, including a "rogue text", 5 Jostein Gaarder's Maya, which is responsible for 145 out of the 181 dessuten (and 75 out of the random 100).

[4.1] Correspondence types
The types of correspondence of dessuten are shown in Tables 3 on the facing page and 4 on the next page.Comparing these tables we find that the two language pairs differ as regards the most frequent correspondence type: congruent correspondences are most frequent between English and Norwegian, while non-congruent correspondences are most frequent between French and Norwegian.Between Norwegian and English, the frequency of non-congruent correspondences is greater in fiction than in non-fiction.Between Norwegian and French the frequency of congruent correspondences is higher in Norwegian translations from French in both fiction and non-fiction, while the rate of zero correspondence is higher when Norwegian is the source language.
Zero correspondence is about twice as frequent among the French correspondences.The French zero correspondences are much more frequent going from [4] Significance was tested using Log likelihood, i.e. a measure of word frequency in relation to corpus size.The tool used was Paul Rayson's calculator at http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/llwizard.html.[5] Rogue texts are defined as texts "which stand out as radically different from the others" (Sinclair 2005, 13).Norwegian to French than the other way round -i.e. the French translators omit the connector much more often than the Norwegian translators add it.The English zero correspondences are most frequent in non-fiction with Norwegian original, and second-most frequent in fiction with Norwegian translations.There is thus not a very clear register difference, nor is there any easily explainable pattern as to the direction of translation: fiction and non-fiction show opposite tendencies.The difference in the proportions of zero correspondences is greater in non-fiction than in fiction, though.The relatively high frequency of zero correspondences may be due to the fact mentioned in the introduction, that the additive relation is often inferable if both of the conjoined segments contain referents that are related "in the world of experience" (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004, 406).
A special kind of zero correspondence is where dessuten is accompanied by og ('and') and the English or French correspondence only has and or et.There are 21 such examples in the material, 14 from English and seven from French.An example is given in (8); (3) and ( 6) above are of the same type.For the Norwegian-English pair this type of zero correspondence turned out to be more frequent in translation from English into Norwegian than the other way round -it thus frequently represents explicitation of the additive relation, as in (9a).This might be because of the vagueness and multifunctionality of and/og as a marker of cohesive relations; and/og can for example also mark temporal sequence (e.g.Knott & Sanders (1998)).The addition of dessuten in translation may thus represent a resolution of any ambiguity of the cohesive relation.Note that the relation between the two conjoined clauses in (8) could not be temporal or causal in any case, so that the reduction of explicitness does not affect the type of cohesive relation. 6To check whether this is an effect of translation, I searched in English originals in ENPC fiction for examples of and besides.Interestingly, the Norwegian translations tend to include an adverbial expression, but occasionally have zero correspondence of the conjunction, as in ( 10).
(10) a.Of course, he might have been lying, I suppose, but that would have been an imaginative step for him to take.And besides, I have other evidence.(JB1) b.Det er selvsagt mulig han løy, men det er mildt sagt vanskelig å forestille seg.Dessuten har jeg andre bevis.(JB1TN) It seems that most of the examples of og dessuten and and besides mark internal addition (i.e. the discourse-organizing type).It may thus be an interesting avenue of further study to investigate whether og may be too weak a marker of this type of relation on its own.
[4.2] Lexical correspondences As mentioned above, congruent correspondences of dessuten (i.e.adverbs) are the most frequent option in translations between Norwegian and English, while noncongruent correspondences are more frequent between Norwegian and French (the most frequent correspondences being PPs).Table 5 presents the correspondences that occur five times or more in the ENPC or four times or more in the French/Norwegian material (the lower threshold is due to the smaller size of the material).Table 5 on the facing page shows that the spread of correspondences of dessuten is considerable in both English and French.The two most frequent English corre- [6] One of the anonymous reviewers of this paper, apparently a native speaker of British English, interestingly points out that and in (8b) may very well be stressed, thus retaining some of the emphasis inherent in the original dessuten.It is clear from Table 5 that the bilingual dictionaries quoted in Table 1 do not adequately reflect frequency data from the translations in the OMC.In particular, the following correspondences are missing: also, furthermore and aussi, d'ailleurs, de plus.
The overt correspondences of dessuten listed in Table 5 seem to suggest that the relationship between the conjoined propositions may vary, i.e. that dessuten may imply different ways of adding things.In other words, the correspondences seem to differ as to whether the added item is equal to the one mentioned first (also, too, aussi); emphasized (moreover, what is more, en outre, sans compter/oublier); an "optional extra" (in addition, d'ailleurs, en plus); or incidental / de-emphasized (anyway, de toute façon).
In examples (8) -(10) above, the conjoined clauses seem to be of equal importance, while in examples ( 11) and ( 12) the final clause is given extra emphasis by the presence of the additive connective. 7In (13), the second clause seems to be [7] For example, according to the Macmillan Dictionary moreover is "used for introducing an additional and important fact that supports or emphasizes what you have just said".
added as some kind of afterthought, 8 while in ( 14) it seems to mark an aside (cf.Martin & Rose's (2007) 'sidetracking' as a subtype of addition).
( Table 5 reflects the fact that no single correspondence can be said to be the main counterpart of dessuten in either English or French.There is good reason to suspect that the same will be true in the reverse direction, i.e. that dessuten is not the only counterpart of any French or English connective.Altenberg's (1999) concept of mutual correspondence is a measure of this: it gives the frequency with which different (grammatical, semantic and lexical) expressions are translated into each other, and is calculated and expressed as a percentage by means of the following formula: (15) This is supported by the definition of d'ailleurs given in Larousse Dictionnaire de français: "D'ailleurs s'emploie comme adverbe de liaison pour indiquer une considération incidente" ('…is used as a linking adverb to indicate an incidental relationship').
OSLa volume 6(1), 2014 additive conjunction across languages [79] "A t and B t are the compared categories or items in the translations, and A s and B s are the compared categories in the source texts.The value will range from 0% (no correspondence) to 100% (full correspondence)" (Altenberg 1999, 254).For example, 28 out of 107 dessuten in ENPC fiction are translated into besides, while 15 out of 24 besides are translated into dessuten.The MC of dessuten and besides is thus (28 + 15) × 100/(107 + 24) = 32.8%.The same technique was used for dessuten and its five most frequent English and French correspondences. 9The results, calculated separately for fiction and non-fiction, are given in Table 6.The degree of mutual correspondence is low for most of the items; i.e. most of the English and French correspondences of dessuten are often translated into different Norwegian expressions, such as forresten, attpåtil, også (see further below).Interestingly, fiction and non-fiction differ as to their preferred correspondences of dessuten.The data thus indicate that while dessuten seems to be stylistically neutral (cf.Table 2), some of the English and French correspondences are not.This may be a factor in the choice of correspondence.The strongest mutual correspondences of dessuten are with besides for English fiction (32.8%) and en outre for French non-fiction (23.5%).Both MCs are asymmetrical; en outre and besides are translated into dessuten more often than the other way round.The MC of dessuten and what's more is also asymmetrical; in fiction, dessuten is translated into what's more in nine out of 107 cases, but what's more is translated into dessuten in three [9] And is the fourth most frequent correspondence of dessuten in Table 5.However, because of its overwhelming frequency both as a connective and as a coordinator of phrases (and occurs 12,171 times in the original texts of ENPC fiction alone), it was not possible to investigate the mutual correspondence of dessuten and and with any degree of reliability.But as and seems to correspond to og over 90% of the time, the MC value for this pair will be extremely low.Number 6 in Table 5, what's more, has been included instead.
out of six cases (50%), which shows that low numbers may underlie a deceptively high percentage.
Although also and aussi are frequent correspondences of dessuten (Table 5), the degree of mutual correspondence is low because these items most frequently correspond to something other than dessuten (typically også; see below).However, translations of dessuten into and/et and also/aussi can be regarded as a kind of 'normalization' (Baker 1996, 176), as it represents the choice of a more neutral/general term in the target language.Conversely, the use of dessuten as a translation of and/et and also/aussi may be said to represent explicitation (ibid.), in the sense that more emphasis is given to the additive relation.
To check if the most frequent correspondences of dessuten simply reflect the general frequencies of these words, I searched in the original English and French texts for these items. 10The results are given in Figure 1 below and Figure 2 on the facing page.Figure 1 shows the most frequent English correspondences of dessuten in the top bar.The bottom bar shows the distribution of the same expressions in original English text, regardless of correspondence.As expected also is a much more frequent word than any of the others, and what's more is the least frequent option.This lends support to the suggestion made above, that the choice of også as a correspondence represents a kind of 'normalization'; a reduction of the markedness of the additive relation.Conversely, the choice of dessuten as a translation of også represents explicitation.
Figure 2 gives corresponding information for the FNPC.Note that de plus and en plus often have other functions than that of connective, e.g. in the phrase de plus en plus ('more and more').Here, only the connective uses have been included.The same goes for aussi.The most common French correspondences have much more similar frequencies than the English ones do.We also see that the general frequency of aussi (in the bottom bar) is less dominant than also in Figure 1.The [10] Also for reasons of high frequency (see note10), and was left out of this part of the investigation.
OSLa volume 6(1), 2014 additive conjunction across languages [81] general frequencies of the alternatives to also are relatively similar, while d'ailleurs is much more frequent than en outre, de plus and en plus.
figure 2: Frequencies of French correspondences of dessuten compared to general frequencies of the same items.
[4.3]The importance of position Dessuten can occur in either clause-initial or clause-medial position in Norwegian.
In addition, it can connect non-clausal segments.A survey of the positions of dessuten shows that initial position is the most common one in all the Norwegianlanguage texts in the corpora, with the exception of Jostein Gaarder's novels Maya (in No-En-Fr-Ge) and Sophie's World (in ENPC fiction) where medial position is used more extensively.If Gaarder's texts are disregarded, the use of initial position is just over twice as frequent as that of medial position.End position is not used at all.
It may be of interest to point out that the rate of zero correspondence is much higher for the medial dessuten than for the initial ones: for the ENPC the percentage of zero correspondence is 23 for medial position and 12 for initial, and for the Norwegian-French material the difference is even greater.The difference is statistically significant in both cases. 11This may have several causes: the most plausible one is that initial position comes with thematic prominence (Matthiessen 1995, 27); (Martin & Rose 2007, 192), so that whatever is part of the clause theme will be preserved in translation if possible.Medial position, however, is not associated with any particular prominence (Hasselgård 2010, 294) so that clausemedial elements may be lost (or may be added inconspicuously) in translation.
The position of dessuten affects not only its correspondence types, but also the realization of the overt correspondences.The tendencies are illustrated in Table 8, which shows the recurrent translations of initial and medial dessuten into English and French, listed in descending order of frequency.
The pattern is somewhat less clear as regards the French overt translations, but like also, aussi is more popular as a rendering of medial than of initial dessuten.The strongest tendency in the French material is thus the high frequency of zero translations of medial dessuten noted above, but we may also note that d'ailleurs and de toute façon are recurrent only as translations of medial dessuten.To widen the perspective on additive conjunction we can take advantage of the parallel corpus to make the translation paradigms bidirectional.A method for doing this has been suggested by Dyvik (1998Dyvik ( , 2004)); i.e. the semantic mirror method illustrated in Figure 3.The method presupposes a bidirectional parallel corpus such as the ENPC/FNPC (thus No-En-Fr-Ge could not be used for this part of the study).In our case, it involves the following steps: (i) search in Norwegian texts for English and French correspondences of an item.The resulting translation paradigm is called the 't-image'.
(ii) use the English and French correspondences to search for their Norwegian translations and sources.The resulting paradigms are the 'inverse timages'.
OSLa volume 6(1), 2014 additive conjunction across languages [83] (iii) The procedure can be repeated, using the items in the first inverse t-image to produce a second, etc.
The idea is that t-images will produce groups of correspondences with similar meanings, thus providing a powerful tool in contrastive lexical semantics.In Figure 3, the starting point is the Norwegian polysemous word tak (which has all the meanings shown in the first t-image to the right); the further exploration of correspondences of the items in the t-image produces the groups of translations in the inverse t-image to the left.figure 3: The first and inverse t-images of tak (Dyvik 2004, 316).
A slightly simplified semantic mirror method was used to create a semantic network of the additive relation from the point of view of dessuten (for a similar approach, see Simon-Vandenbergen & Aijmer (2007).The first t-image of dessuten was provided in Table 5.Only the most frequent French and English correspondences of dessuten (with the exception of and; see explanation in note 10) were used as search terms in the original English and French texts in the ENPC and the FNPC to produce an inverse t-image.Predictably, dessuten turned up as one of the correspondences, but not always as the most frequent one.The results are shown in Table 8, where correspondences of each search term are given in order of descending frequency.If no frequency is given for a word, it means that it occurs only once.Zero correspondences have not been included.It may be noted, however, that both also and aussi have high percentages of zero correspondences (19% for aussi; 14% for also), which indicates that they are often perceived by translators as redundant.Table 8 gives the results for fiction and non-fiction separately OSLa volume 6(1), 2014 [84] hilde hasselgård for the ENPC, but not for the FNPC, which is much smaller than the ENPC and not as well balanced. 12The inverse t-images of dessuten bring out the polysemy of this word even more clearly than the translation paradigms shown in Table 5.There are few differences between fiction and non-fiction in the ENPC, but some expressions occur only in fiction (forresten, attpåtil), and others, with a more formal flavour, occur only in non-fiction (videre, dertil).Furthermore, i tillegg (til) is more frequent in non-fiction.Perhaps the most important meaning difference emerging from Table 8 is that between adding an element with (at least) equal importance to the first and adding an element which is incidental to the first.The former shows up in the correspondences of what be more, moreover, en outre, de plus and en plus, and the latter in the correspondences of in addition and d'ailleurs.Besides seems to imply some of the same vagueness on this account as dessuten, as forresten ('incidentally') turns up as one of its recurrent correspondences.
OSLa volume 6(1), 2014 additive conjunction across languages [85] vestigations.And has been added to the first t-image row for English due to its frequency in Table 5, and og has similarly been added to the inverse t-images of both French and English correspondences on the assumption that it corresponds to (at least) and, also and aussi.The expressions to the left are words that can be considered relatively neutral in terms of their high frequency and rather general marking of addition, while those to the right indicate that the two conjoined items differ in importance.A slightly enlarged font indicates high-frequency correspondences.
figure 4: A semantic map of additive relations emerging from dessuten.
[6] c o n c l u d i n g r e m a r k s The present study has explored the semantic field of additive conjunction, taking the Norwegian adverb dessuten as its starting point, and looking for translation correspondences in both English and French.The three languages differ in their realization of additive connectives: English appears to be more similar to Norwegian in that most of the correspondences of dessuten were congruent, while French had more non-congruent correspondences.There was also a more sizeable proportion of zero correspondences in French than in English.
Dessuten can be characterized as a more emphatic marker of additive conjunction than the simple og/and/et (see also Halliday & Hasan (1976, 246)).The degree of emphasis implied seems to correlate with the position of dessuten; it appears more emphatic in initial than in non-initial position, as indicated by the ratio of zero correspondence of medial dessuten.It also turns out that also/aussi show up as frequent correspondences of dessuten, and it was suggested that this type of correspondence, because of the general frequencies of also/aussi as well as the lower degree of emphasis carried by these connectives, represents normalization if used as translations and explicitation when they occur as sources of dessuten.
No single item presents itself as the correspondence of dessuten in either language: both English and French offer a wide range of correspondences, none of which occurs above 25% of the time.While dessuten seems to be stylistically neutral across fiction and non-fiction, some of its English and French correspondences vary across these text types, in frequency as well as their degree of mutual correspondence with dessuten -and are thus not stylistically neutral.This is also brought out by the inverse t-image of Norwegian correspondences shown in Table 8.
The patterns of correspondences, as shown by explorations in two parallel corpora of two language pairs, bring out a vagueness in the additive relation marked by dessuten.This pertains particularly to the relative importance of the conjoined segments; i.e. the fact that adverbs as different as anyway and moreover both occur as acceptable correspondences must mean that dessuten is either vague or neutral as regards the relative importance of the two conjoined items.Since 'correspondences' are both translations and sources, both groups of correspondence indicate that translators may decide to emphasize or de-emphasize the importance of one of the conjoined segments compared to the original.
The present study has not answered all questions that can be asked about cross-linguistic paradigms of additive conjunction.In particular, it would be interesting to explore more additive connectives in a similar fashion, to arrive at a more complete map of this relation than the one outlined here.Such an extension might make it possible to take more account of the difference between external and internal conjunction, i.e. the difference between conjoining events and conjoining pieces of discourse, as a factor in choosing translation correspondences.Furthermore, it was suggested above that it might interesting to investigate combinations of additive adverbial expressions and og/and/et and their correspondences to find out about the strength (or degree of emphasis) of different types of expression.These issues will, however, have to await further study. 2 Dessuten måtte jo et klaviatur stå i stuen.(HW2) b.Moreover, a piano would need to be in the parlor.(HW2TE) c.Et puis, un piano devait nécessairement rester au salon.(HW2TF) (2) a. -Det dreier seg dessuten om et mesterverk.(JG3) b. "And there's a masterpiece involved here, too."(JG3TE) c. -Il s'agit d'ailleurs d'une oeuvre d'art.(JG3TF) de har feilet, de gikk for langt, de driver oss til en siste kamp.Dessuten har vi ikke mer å miste.(KM1TN) Lit: 'dessuten have we no more to lose' b.Mais ils ont tort, ils vont trop loin, ils nous contraignent à la lutte ultime: [Ø] désormais nous n'avons plus rien à perdre.(KM1) Lit: 'from now on we have no more to lose' [4] c o r p u s i n v e s t i gat i o n : ' d e s s u t e n ' a n d i t s c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s i n t h e o m c var ett år yngre, og dessuten var hun jente.(TTH1) b.She was one year younger, and she was just a girl.(TTH1TE) (9) a. Som åstedsgransker var Archbold i ferd med å ta mål og notere, og det var dessuten kommet to rettskjemiske teknikere.(RR1TN) Lit: '...and there were dessuten arrived two forensic technicians' b.Archbold as Scene-of-Crimes officer was measuring, making notes, and two technicians had arrived from forensics.(RR1)

figure 1 :
figure 1: Frequencies of English correspondences of dessuten compared to general frequencies of the same items.
[5] g e t t i n g f r o m a s i n g l e c o n n e c t o r t o a s e m a n t i c m a p o f a d d it i v e c o n j u n c t i o n a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s I am indebted to the two reviewers of this paper for very useful and constructive comments on an earlier version.r e f e r e n c e s Altenberg, Bengt.1999.Adverbial connectors in English and Swedish: Semantic and lexical correspondences.In H. Hasselgård & S. Oksefjell (eds.),Out of Corpora: Studies in Honour of Stig Johansson, 249-268.Amsterdam/Atlanta: Rodopi.Baker, Mona.1996.Corpus-based translation studies: The challenges that lie ahead.In H.L. Somers (ed.), Terminology, LSP and Translation, 175-186.Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

table 1 :
Definitions, synonyms and translations of dessuten in a selection of dictionaries (excerpts).

Table 2
gives the frequencies of dessuten in the corpora used for this investigation.The different frequencies of translations and sources in both corpora indicate that OSLa volume 6(1), 2014

table 2 :
Frequencies of dessuten in the ENPC and the FNPC.

table 3 :
Correspondence types of dessuten in English.

table 4 :
Correspondence types of dessuten in French.

table 5 :
Recurrent correspondences of dessuten in English and French.
spondences, however, account for a much greater proportion of the correspondences than the two most frequent French ones.At the other end of the frequency range, French has a greater proportion of correspondences below the frequency threshold level (i.e. the ones grouped as 'others').
11) a. Hun var ikke vant til at det hendte noe uventet, dessuten hadde hun alltid overlatt til andre å ta viktige avgjørelser.(BV1) b.She was not used to anything unexpected happening, and what was more, she had always left it up to others to make important decisions.

table 6 :
Mutual correspondence of dessuten and its most frequent correspondences in English and French.

table 8 :
The first and inverse t-images of dessuten.