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\title{Space and metaphor in verbs prefixed with {\textit{od-/ot-}} ‘from’ in Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian and Bulgarian}
\def\titlehead{Verbs prefixed with od-/ot- ‘from’ in BCS and Bulgarian}
\author{Ljiljana Šari\,{\textnormal{\'{c}}} \& {{I\,v\,e\,l\,i\,n\,a T\,c\,h\,i\,z\,m\,a\,r\,o\,v\,a}}}
\affiliation{University of Oslo \& Simon Fraser University}
\def\authorhead{Šari{{\'{c}}} \& {{Tchizmarova}}}



\hyphenation{Kuz-ne-co-va Ma-ka-ro-va ex-pe-ri-men-tal}
\setcounter{page}{1}

\begin{document}


\maketitle
 


 \begin{abstract}
This article analyzes Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS) and Bulgarian (Blg.) verbs
prefixed with \textit{od-/‌ot\textbf{\emphasis{- }}}`(away) from' from a cognitive
linguistics perspective, focusing on spatial meaning extensions into non-spatial
domains, as well as similarities and differences between the languages in
question. The prototypical sense of these verbs involves a path and can be
presented as a trajector (TR) moving away from a landmark (LM), often a
LM-boundary. This \textit{from} schema is illustrated by BCS/Blg.
\textit{oti\'{c}i/otida} `go (away)' and \textit{odale\v{c}iti se/otdale\v{c}a se
}`go/move away'. Most non-spatial meanings of \textit{od-/‌ot-} verbs are derived
by applying the idea of movement through space or a spatial path to a
metaphorical or figurative movement/path---for example, BCS/Blg. \textit{odustati
od/otka\v{z}a se ot }`refuse, give up' and \textit{odskakati od
}(impf.)\footnote{This verb is quoted in its impf. form because the pf. form has
a different meaning.}\textit{/‌otli\v{c}a se ot} `stand out, be different
from'---in which the verbs often co-occur with the prepositions \textit{od/ot}.
Our analysis shows that the various meanings of verbs with \textit{od-/‌ot-} are
not random collections of senses, but form semantic networks with systematic and
partially predictable associations of abstract ideas and spatial locations.


\end{abstract}

 

\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:1}

This article\footnote{This analysis is part of a broader study in progress
comparing \textit{od}/‌\textit{ot-} and \textit{do-} verbs in BCS and Bulgarian.
A preliminary report on part of this study was presented at the Slavic Cognitive
Linguistics Conference at the University of Zagreb, Croatia in September 2012. We
would like to express our sincere gratitude to the conference participants and
the two anonymous reviewers of this article for their insightful comments and
suggestions.} analyzes verbs prefixed with \textit{od}\footnote{Some BCS verbs
occur with \textit{ot-}, \textit{o-}, and \textit{oda-} (allomorphs of
\textit{od-}). \textit{Od-} is sometimes spelled \textit{ot-} before certain
voiceless consonants and vowels (e.g., \textit{otplivati}, `swim away',
\textit{oti\'{c}i} `go away'), \textit{o-} with base verbs beginning with
\textit{d} and \textit{t} (e.g., \textit{odale\v{c}iti se }`go away'), and
sometimes \textit{oda-} with verbs beginning with two consonants (e.g.,
\textit{odagnati} `drive away').}\textit{/‌ot-\textbf{\emphasis{ }}}`(away) from'
in Bosnian/Croati\-an/Serbian (BCS) and Bulgarian (Blg.) from a cognitive
linguistics perspective, focusing on spatial meaning extensions into non-spatial
domains. We decided to concentrate on BCS and Blg. prefix semantics because there
are no comparisons related to this topic so far. Comparisons of individual Slavic
languages are interesting because very similar languages do not necessarily
follow the same prefixation model. \textit{Od-/‌ot-} is a very productive verbal
prefix in both BCS and Blg. The prefixation pattern and its semantic implications
seem very similar at first glance; however, as our analysis shows, there are also
some challenging differences.

This analysis follows the theoretical premises of cognitive linguistics (e.g.,
\citep{janda1986semantic}; \citep{tabakowska2003space}; \citep{przy06};  \citep{klikovac06};  \citep{tchizmarova2005verbal, tchizmarova2006cognitive};  \citep{belaj08};  \citep{ari2008spatial}) and approaches spatial particles as
networks of interrelated meanings. Within this framework, category members share
different sets of attributes with each other, fuzzy boundaries among concepts are
allowed, and more and less prototypical senses to which other senses directly or
less directly relate are identified (see, e.g.,  \citep{langacker1987foundations};  \citep{tyler2003semantics}). Image schemas are also used and they usually depict two basic entities: a
trajector (TR) and a landmark (LM), respectively defined by  \citet{langacker1987foundations} as
the figure within a relational profile and another salient entity in a relational
predication, prototypically providing a point of reference for locating the TR.
An image schema is ``a cognitive representation comprising a generalization over
perceived similarities among instances of usage'' \citep[viii]{barlow2000introduction}.
Image schemas lack specificity and content, which makes them highly flexible
preconceptual and primitive patterns used for reasoning (\citep[30]{johnson1987body}.\footnote{ \citep[126]{johnson1987body} lists the following among the most important
image schemas: \emphasis{container, path, center-periphery, near-far, part-whole,
contact}, and \emphasis{surface}.} In this analysis, we use the path image schema
to depict movement away from a source (see Figure \vref{fig:1}).

We particularly focus on relations between apparently unrelated meanings of
prefixed verbs, paying special attention to how spatial meanings relate to
non-spatial meanings, and to metaphorical transformations and abstractions that
are responsible for some abstract/metaphorical meanings of prefixed verbs. We
concentrate on movement in space and how it transforms from concrete domains into
abstract/metaphorical ones. We first look at the semantic profile of the prefix
\textit{od-/‌ot-} in verbs expressing spatial motion, and then at the profile of
verbs with abstract/metaphorical meanings (significantly, in most cases, the same
verb has a concrete and a metaphorical meaning). We identify and explain the
relations between several meanings of \textit{od-/‌ot-} (Sections \ref{sec:2}--\ref{sec:4}),
concentrating on similarities and differences between BCS and Blg. We examine how
the semantic profile of the prefixes in motion contexts influences their
semantics in non-spatial contexts. We approach the semantics of
\textit{od}/‌\textit{ot-} with an emphasis on meaning change and extensions
through metaphor and metonymy, which can explain the links between apparently
unrelated meanings. Section \ref{sec:5} presents a semantic network of verbs prefixed
with\textit{ od-/‌ot-} and provides some conclusions and suggestions for further
research.

The material that we base our observations on is mainly verbs listed in
dictionaries. For BCS,  \citep{anic98} and  \citep{bujas01} were used. These sources
probably do not list all existing BCS \textit{od-}verbs (e.g., all the verbs that
can be found in older sources); however, these dictionaries contain the most
commonly and frequently used verbs, and so the inventory is suitable for a
semantic description of modern language usage.\footnote{From \citet{anic98} and \citet{bujas01},
320 \textit{od}- verbs were extracted. Including other sources would admittedly
increase the number of prefixed verbs. However, we believe that the verbs
considered in this study cover the major semantic types.} For Blg., GSBKE
(\textit{Grammar of Contemporary Standard Bulgarian}, also known as the
\textit{Academy Grammar};  \citep{andrej98}) and RBE (\textit{Bulgarian Dictionary};
 \citep{rbe02})\footnote{We found 415 verbs with \textit{ot-} in  \citep{rbe02}, counting all
imperfective and perfective forms of a verb (e.g., \textit{otka\v{c}am
}(impf.),\textit{ otka\v{c}vam} (impf.) and \textit{otka\v{c}a }(pf.) `detach')
as one entry, verbs with and without a reflexive particle (e.g.,
\textit{otka\v{c}a} and \textit{otka\v{c}a} \textit{se}) as one entry, but
homonyms (e.g., \textit{otka\v{c}a}$^{1}$\textit{ }`detach'\textit{ }and
\textit{otka\v{c}a}$^{2}$\textit{ }`become/go insane') as separate entries.} were
the primary sources, supplemented by examples provided by four native speakers of
Bulgarian. Useful information for both languages was also found in  \citet{stojanov11}'s
 Croatian-Bulgarian dictionary. Because this article aims at a general
overview of the meaning of the verbs prefixed with \textit{od}/‌\textit{ot-} in
BCS and Blg, we consider the sources used to be sufficient for the aim of this
analysis. A more detailed analysis of a number of issues related to specific
subtypes and individual \textit{od-/‌ot-} verbs that are only outlined in this
analysis must be based on corpus studies and is beyond the scope of this article.

On the basis of our material, we have identified three main groups of verbs: the
first group is verbs expressing motion in space away from a source, typically
denoting self-caused motion (see Section \ref{sec:2}). The second group is verbs indicating
spontaneous and caused separation (see Section \ref{sec:3}). In these two groups, concrete
and metaphorical subgroups are identified. Verbs denoting cancellation of a
previous action are treated as a special case of abstract separation. The third
group (see Section \ref{sec:4}) implies abstract motion realized as completion, emphasizing
either the initial point of a process or its duration. Verbs in which the spatial
meaning is transformed into an action that is a response to some other preceding
action represent a special case of completion.

\section{The \textit{from} schema of \textit{od-/‌ot-}}
\label{sec:2}

The prototypical senses of verbs prefixed with \textit{od-/‌ot-} involve a path
and can be presented as a trajector (TR) moving away from a landmark (LM), often
a LM-boundary.



\subsection{Motion in space away from a source; verbs of self-caused motion}
\label{sec2.1}

The central meaning of \textit{od-/‌ot-} involves a TR moving away from a LM as
in BCS/Blg. \textit{oti\'{c}i\footnote{In this analysis, BCS verbs are normally
given in their perfective infinitive form. Imperfective forms are used (and
marked \textit{impf.}) in some cases in which their meaning significantly differs
from the perfective ones or when perfective forms do not exist. When added to
imperfective base verbs, \textit{od-} in BCS, in addition to contributing a new
meaning component, always perfectivizes them. For consistency, the Blg. verbs are
also given in their perfective forms, and imperfective forms are added when
necessary.}/otida} `go (away)'. We call this the \textit{from} schema and present
it schematically in Figure \vref{fig:1}.

%\begin{figure}[h]
%\includegraphics[width=100pt]{fig1_sar.png}
%\caption{The prototypical meaning of \textit{od-/‌ot-}, the \textit{from} schema}
%\label{fig:1}
%\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
	\centering
		\includegraphics[height=1.4in]{fig1_sar.png}
	\caption{The prototypical meaning of \textit{od-/‌ot-}, the \textit{from} schema}
	\label{fig:1}
\end{figure}

\subsubsection{Concrete motion}

The majority of motion verbs in both BCS and Blg. can be prefixed with
\textit{od-/‌ot}\textit{-} to express the meaning `away from a source'; for
example, \textit{odletjeti/otletja}\textit{ }`fly away',
\textit{odsko\v{c}iti/otsko\v{c}a}\textit{ }`jump off', and
\textit{otputovati/otp\u{a}tuvam\footnote{The perfective and imperfective forms
of this verb and several others in Table \vref{tab:1} coincide.}}\textit{ }`leave, depart'.
These verbs imply concrete, usually self-caused, motion by humans and other
entities, which may be intentional or unintentional. In addition to very frequent
generalized motion verbs (e.g., \textit{oti\'{c}i/otida}\textit{ }`go (away)'),
this group also includes infrequent verbs denoting extremely specific manners of
motion (of animate and inanimate entities). This group also includes verbs of
motion involving a vehicle (that use \textit{od-} to imply displacement), verbs
of body-internal motion, and so on. A number of these verbs (e.g., BCS/Blg.
\textit{odale\v{c}iti se/otdale\v{c}a s}\textit{e} `go/move away') often co-occur
with the cognate prepositions \textit{od-/ot}\footnote{Slavic prefixes and
prepositions are considered to both derive from a single group of function
morphemes.} in the same constructions, reinforcing the core meaning of movement
away from the LM. Some verbs can also occur with or without the reflexive
particle \textit{se}, as shown in Table \vref{tab:1}. In the former case, these verbs are
used as self-motion verbs and mean ``X moves away from a source,'' whereas the
latter scenario, ``X moves Y away from a source'' in caused-motion constructions,
implies two participants: the mover and the moved entity, plus a LM. For
instance, BCS \textit{odvu\'{c}i se} `drag oneself away' and Blg.
\textit{otdale\v{c}a s}\textit{e} `move away' imply self-motion, whereas BCS
\textit{odvu\'{c}i }`drag something away' and Blg. \textit{otdale\v{c}}\textit{a}
imply caused motion.



 
%\begin{table}
%\caption{Verbs of concrete motion prefixed with \textit{od-/‌ot-} in BCS and Blg.}
%\label{tab:1}
% \begin{threeparttable}[b]
%\begin{tabular}{|p{63pt}|p{115pt}|p{120pt}|p{34pt}}
%\cline{1-3} 
%\multicolumn{3}{|l|}{\parbox{298pt}{\raggedright 
%\emphasis{{Concrete motion (self-caused)}}
%}} & \parbox{64pt}{\raggedright } \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%\emphasis{{BCS}}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%\emphasis{{Blg.}}
%} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%\emphasis{{English gloss}}
%} & \parbox{34pt}{\raggedright } \\
%\cline{1-3}
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize oti\'{c}i}}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otida\tnote{1}}}
%} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `go (away)'}
%} &     \parbox{34pt} {\raggedright \multirow{18}{*}[1em]{\begin{sideways}{\begin{minipage}{2.4in}{\footnotesize Motion of humans, animals, solid objects capable  of moving, and
%certain bodies of water }\end{minipage}}
%\end{sideways}
%}}\\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odale\v{c}iti se}}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otdale\v{c}a se}}
%} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `go/move away'}
%}   \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odjahati}}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize \textit{otp\u{a}tuvam }(\textit{na kon, jazdejki})}
%} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `ride away'}
%}    \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odjedriti}}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otplavam\tnote{2}}}
%} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `sail away'}
%}    \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otplivati}}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otpluvam}}
%} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `swim away'}
%}    \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odletjeti}}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otletja}}
%} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `fly away'}
%}    \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odlunjati}}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otdale\v{c}a se (nexajno)}}
%} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `wander off'}
%}    \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odlutati}}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otdale\v{c}a se (nexajno)}}
%} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `stray away'}
%}    \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odmaknuti (se)}}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otdr\u{a}pna se}}
%} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `move away'}
%}    \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odsko\v{c}iti}}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otsko\v{c}a}}
%} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `jump off'}
%}    \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odvu\'{c}i (se)}}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otdale\v{c}a se (vla\v{c}ejki se)}}
%} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `drag oneself away'}
%}   \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odvrvjeti}}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otdale\v{c}a se (s p\u{a}plene/na v\u{a}rvolica)}}
%} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `swarm off'}
%}    \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odzujati}}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otdale\v{c}a se (s bram\v{c}ene, \v{z}u\v{z}ene), otletja
%(s bram\v{c}ene, \v{z}u\v{z}ene)}}
%} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `buzz away'}
%}    \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize oti\'{c}i}}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize \textit{otmina}\tnote{3}
%}
%} &  \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `pass, go away'}
%} &
%\\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otteglja se}}
%} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `move away (e.g., a tide), retreat'\tnote{4}}
%}    \\
%\cline{1-4} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otzvu\v{c}a}}
%} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `subside, disappear'\tnote{5}}
%} & \parbox{34pt}
% {\raggedright \multirow{8}{*}[1em]{\begin{sideways}{\begin{minipage}{0.9in}{\footnotesize Spreading away from a source (for light, sound, smell) }\end{minipage}}
%\end{sideways}
%}}
%\\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize \textit{odisati }(impf.)}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
%} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `emit, give out'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odjeknuti}}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otekna}}
%} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `echo'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odraziti se }}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otrazja}}
%} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `reflect'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize \textit{odzvanjati }(impf.)}
%} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otekna}}
%} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `reverberate, echo, resound'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3}
%\end{tabular}
%\begin{tablenotes} \footnotesize{
%\item [1] \footnotesize{The central meaning of \textit{otida} is
%movement away from speaker, whereas \textit{otida si} may mean `leave, go \\
%home'.}
%\item [2] \footnotesize{Occasionally, Blg. \textit{otpluvam} is
%used with this meaning (e.g., \textit{korab\u{a}t otpluva} instead of
%\textit{otplava }`the ship \\ sailed away').}
%\item [3] \footnotesize{The same stem can be found in BCS
%\textit{minuti} `disappear' (a near-synonym of \textit{pro\'{c}i} `go away,
%disappear'). \\ \textit{Minuti} does not combine with \textit{od-}, but it combines
%with \textit{pre-} and \textit{u-} (\textit{preminuti }`die', \textit{uminuti}
%`disappear, \\ go away').  Good BCS equivalents for the spatial meaning of
%\textit{otmina} would also be verbs prefixed with \\ \textit{pro-} and \textit{pre-}
%(\textit{pro\'{c}i }and   \textit{prestati}), as well as \textit{zavr\v{s}iti se}.}
%\item [4] \footnotesize{BCS uses
%\textit{povu\'{c}i se} (about a tide); \textit{oti\'{c}i s polo\v{z}aja, dati
%ostavku} `retreat'.}
%\item [5] \footnotesize{BCS could use \textit{oti\'{c}i} as
%a near-equivalent; however, better equivalents would be the verbs \textit{gubiti
%se} and \\ \textit{nestajati} `disappear, subside'.} }
%   
%
%\end{tablenotes}
%\end{threeparttable}
%\end{table}
% 
%


\begin{table}
\caption{Verbs of concrete motion prefixed with \textit{od-/‌ot-} in BCS and Blg.}
\label{tab:1}
 \begin{threeparttable}[b]
\begin{tabular}{|p{63pt}|p{115pt}|p{120pt}|p{44pt}}
\cline{1-3} 
\multicolumn{3}{|l|}{\parbox{298pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{{Concrete motion (self-caused)}}
}} & \parbox{64pt}{\raggedright } \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{{BCS}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{{Blg.}}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{{English gloss}}
} & \parbox{34pt}{\raggedright } \\
\cline{1-3}
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize oti\'{c}i}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otida\tnote{1}}}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `go (away)'}
} &\parbox{34pt}{\raggedright\multirow{12}{1in}{\footnotesize{\noindent Motion of humans,  animals, solid objects capable  of moving, and
certain bodies of water} }}\\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odale\v{c}iti se}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otdale\v{c}a se}}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `go/move away'}
}   \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odjahati}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otp\u{a}tuvam }(\textit{na kon, jazdejki})}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `ride away'}
}    \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odjedriti}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otplavam\tnote{2}}}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `sail away'}
}    \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otplivati}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otpluvam}}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `swim away'}
}    \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odletjeti}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otletja}}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `fly away'}
}    \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odlunjati}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otdale\v{c}a se (nexajno)}}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `wander off'}
}    \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odlutati}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otdale\v{c}a se (nexajno)}}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `stray away'}
}    \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odmaknuti (se)}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otdr\u{a}pna se}}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `move away'}
}    \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odsko\v{c}iti}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otsko\v{c}a}}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `jump off'}
}    \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odvu\'{c}i (se)}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otdale\v{c}a se (vla\v{c}ejki se)}}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `drag oneself away'}
}   \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odvrvjeti}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otdale\v{c}a se (s p\u{a}plene/na v\u{a}rvolica)}}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `swarm off'}
}    \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odzujati}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otdale\v{c}a se (s bram\v{c}ene, \v{z}u\v{z}ene), otletja
(s bram\v{c}ene, \v{z}u\v{z}ene)}}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `buzz away'}
}    \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize oti\'{c}i}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otmina}\tnote{3}
}
} &  \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `pass, go away'}
} &
\\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otteglja se}}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `move away (e.g., a tide), retreat'\tnote{4}}
}    \\
\cline{1-4} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otzvu\v{c}a}}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `subside, disappear'\tnote{5}}
} 
 &\parbox{34pt}{\raggedright\multirow{6}{1in}{\footnotesize{\noindent Spreading away from a source (for light, sound, smell)} }}\\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{odisati }(impf.)}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `emit, give out'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odjeknuti}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otekna}}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `echo'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odraziti se }}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otrazja}}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `reflect'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{63pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{odzvanjati }(impf.)}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otekna}}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `reverberate, echo, resound'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3}
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes} \footnotesize{
\item [1] \footnotesize{The central meaning of \textit{otida} is
movement away from speaker, whereas \textit{otida si} may mean `leave, go \\
home'.}
\item [2] \footnotesize{Occasionally, Blg. \textit{otpluvam} is
used with this meaning (e.g., \textit{korab\u{a}t otpluva} instead of
\textit{otplava }`the ship \\ sailed away').}
\item [3] \footnotesize{The same stem can be found in BCS
\textit{minuti} `disappear' (a near-synonym of \textit{pro\'{c}i} `go away,
disappear'). \\ \textit{Minuti} does not combine with \textit{od-}, but it combines
with \textit{pre-} and \textit{u-} (\textit{preminuti }`die', \textit{uminuti}
`disappear, \\ go away').  Good BCS equivalents for the spatial meaning of
\textit{otmina} would also be verbs prefixed with \\ \textit{pro-} and \textit{pre-}
(\textit{pro\'{c}i }and   \textit{prestati}), as well as \textit{zavr\v{s}iti se}.}
\item [4] \footnotesize{BCS uses
\textit{povu\'{c}i se} (about a tide); \textit{oti\'{c}i s polo\v{z}aja, dati
ostavku} `retreat'.}
\item [5] \footnotesize{BCS could use \textit{oti\'{c}i} as
a near-equivalent; however, better equivalents would be the verbs \textit{gubiti
se} and \\ \textit{nestajati} `disappear, subside'.} }
   

\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}
 



As Table \vref{tab:1} shows, most verbs in this group have the same stem in both Blg. and
BCS (e.g., \textit{odletjeti}/\textit{otletja }`fly away'). However, some verbs
such as BCS/Blg. \textit{odjahati}/\textit{otp\u{a}tuvam} `ride away' have
different stems. There is \textit{jazdja (kon)} `ride (a horse)' in Blg., but,
unlike BCS and Russian, \textit{jazdja} cannot combine with \textit{ot- }to
denote the movement of a person or vehicle away from a source. Despite the
occasional different stems in BCS and Blg., verbs with \textit{od-}/‌\textit{ot-}
express the same meaning in the languages we compare\textit{.}



Whereas motion with verbs at the beginning of the table apply to motion by
humans, animals, solid objects capable of motion, and certain bodies of water
(e.g., tidal waves), verbs such as BCS/Blg. \textit{odjeknuti/otekna }`echo' and
a few others at the bottom of Table \vref{tab:1} share a common meaning: spreading
away from a source. These verbs can be understood as a transitional category, but
they still express a concrete motion involving a specific type of non-human
trajectors (e.g., light, sound, smell, energy). \textit{Od-}/‌\textit{ot-}
highlights the motion and source component in these verbs.


There are some differences between BCS and Blg. related to the combinability of
certain motion verbs with \textit{od-/‌ot-} (see Table \vref{tab:1}). In BCS, it seems that
almost all self-motion verbs describing the manners in which animate entities can
move (including some less frequently used verbs denoting very unusual manners of
motion) can be prefixed with \textit{od-} to express `move away from a source'
(e.g., impf. \textit{lutati }`stray',\textit{ }pf. \textit{odlutati }`stray
away'). BCS \textit{lutati} and Blg. \textit{lutam se} are cognates regarding
their stems, but the Blg. verb does not combine with \textit{ot- }(or another
prefix) to indicate movement away. Blg. uses either other prefixes with these
semantically equivalent verbs (e.g., \textit{zalutam se }for BCS
\textit{odlutati}) or a phrasal expression (\textit{otdale\v{c}a se nexajno
}and\textit{ otdale\v{c}a se s p\u{a}plene / na v\u{a}rvolica }for BCS
\textit{odlutati }and\textit{ odvrvjeti, }respectively). For BCS \textit{odjahati
}`ride away', in addition to \textit{otp\u{a}tuvam}, Blg. can use\textit{
tr\u{a}gna (zamina, otida si) na kon (jazdejki)} `ride away'.


Interestingly, a productive pattern in BCS is prefixation by \textit{od-} of
sound-emis\-sion verbs. When prefixed with \textit{od-}, verbs describing the
sounds of animate and inanimate objects become motion verbs (e.g., impf.
\textit{tapkati }`patter',\textit{ zujati }`buzz', pf. \textit{otapkati; odzujati
}`patter away; buzz away'). The motion expressed by the prefixed verbs is
characterized by the concomitant emission of the sound. This pattern seems not to
be productive in Blg. In addition, some BCS and Blg. verbs with the same meaning
may combine with different prefixes; for example, BCS \textit{odisati }`emit,
give out (a smell)'\textit{ }and its corresponding Blg. verbs
\textit{izdam/izl\u{a}\v{c}a (miris, aromat)} combine with different prefixes,
\textit{od-} and \textit{iz-}, respectively. More importantly, both BCS and Blg.
have verbs with the meaning `go away, wander off', and they both use the prefix
\textit{od-/‌ot-} (e.g., \textit{odlutati/otdale\v{c}a se})\textit{.}


\subsubsection{Abstract motion}


Most non-spatial meanings of prefixed verbs are derived by applying the idea of
movement through space, or a spatial path to a metaphorical or figurative
movement/path; for instance, BCS/Blg. \textit{odale\v{c}iti se/otdale\v{c}a
se}\textit{ }`go/move away' can be reinterpreted as a metaphorical movement away
and these verbs can be used to mean `grow apart'. The most general and frequent
verb among the self-motion verbs, BCS/Blg. \textit{oti\'{c}i/otida}\textit{
}(\textit{si})\textit{ }`leave, go home', can be extended into metaphorical
domains, such as in \textit{oti\'{c}i na onaj svijet / otida na onja
svja}\textit{t} (or \textit{otida s}\textit{i}) `die'.\footnote{BCS uses
\textit{oti\'{c}i} in the idiom \textit{oti\'{c}i na kvasinu }`become insane';
literally, `turn to vinegar'; Blg. uses another \textit{ot-} verb in this
context, \textit{otka\v{c}a }`go crazy' (literally, `detach')\textit{.}} Blg.
\textit{otzvu\v{c}a}\textit{ }`subside, disappear'\textit{ }is used in the
concrete domain for the decay of sound. It can also mean `go away' (e.g., for bad
news and pain). Blg. \textit{otmin}\textit{a} can mean `come to an end' (e.g.,
\textit{krizata otminava }(impf.)\textit{ }`the crisis is coming to an end'
or\textit{ krizata njama da otmine nikogo} `the crisis won't spare (literally,
pass) anyone').\footnote{BCS uses another ablative prefix with the same stem,
\textit{u-}. In these contexts, BCS would use verbs prefixed with \textit{pro-}
(\textit{kriza prolazi }`the crisis is coming to an end'), and with \textit{za-}
and \textit{mimo- }(\textit{zaobi\'{c}i, mimoi\'{c}i:} \textit{kriza ne\'{c}e
zaobi\'{c}i/mimoi\'{c}i nikoga }) `the crisis won't spare (literally, pass)
anyone'.} BCS/Blg. \textit{odletjeti/otletj}\textit{a} `fly away'{\footnotesize 
}can be used for time periods (e.g., \textit{ljeto je odletjelo / ljatoto
otletj}\textit{a} `the summer flew by') or for abstract notions (e.g., hope, such
as in Blg. \textit{poslednata mi nade\v{z}da otletja}\textit{ }`my last hope
vanished'). BCS/Blg. \textit{odzvoniti}\textit{ }(pf.) \textit{/
otzvu\v{c}}\textit{a} is used in metaphorical contexts in the meaning `come to an
end, die out' (e.g., for practices, habits, people, and objects in BCS, and for
rumors or news in Blg.). Table \vref{tab:2} presents these and some other verbs with
\textit{od-/‌ot-}\textit{ }expressing abstract motion.


\begin{table}
\caption{Verbs of abstract motion prefixed with \textit{od-/‌ot-} in BCS and Blg.}
\label{tab:2}

 \begin{threeparttable}[b]
\begin{tabular}{|p{74pt}|p{74pt}|p{125pt}|p{41pt}}
\cline{1-3} 
\multicolumn{3}{|l|}{\parbox{273pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{Abstract motion}}}
 & \parbox{71pt}{\raggedright } \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{74pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{BCS}
} & \parbox{74pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{Blg.}
} & \parbox{125pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{English gloss}
} & \parbox{71pt}{\raggedright } \\
\hline
\parbox{74pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odale\v{c}iti se}}
} & \parbox{74pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otdale\v{c}a se }}
} & \parbox{125pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `grow apart'}
} & \parbox{71pt}{\raggedright \multirow{3}{*}{
{\footnotesize Distancing}
}} \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{74pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{odskakati }(impf.)}
} & \parbox{74pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otli\v{c}a se}}
} & \parbox{125pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `stand out/apart, be different from'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{74pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize oti\'{c}i (s radnog mjesta)}}
} & \parbox{74pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otteglja (se)}}
} & \parbox{125pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `resign, withdraw'\tnote{1}}}
 &  \\
\hline
\parbox{74pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize oti\'{c}i (na onaj svijet)}}
} & \parbox{74pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otida (na onja svjat)}}
} & \parbox{125pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `die'}
} & \parbox{32pt}{\raggedright \multirow{5}{0.8in}{
{\footnotesize Going away, coming to an end}
}}\\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{74pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odletjeti}}
} & \parbox{74pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otletja}}
} & \parbox{125pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `go away, disappear'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{74pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize oti\'{c}i}}
} & \parbox{74pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otmina}}
} & \parbox{125pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `go away, come to an end'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{74pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odzvoniti}}
} & \parbox{74pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otzvu\v{c}a}}
} & \parbox{125pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `come to an end, die'}
} &  \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
\footnotesize{
\item [1] For example, for Blg.
\textit{otteglja (se) ot rabota, post }`resign from a job/position, withdraw',
BCS would also \\ use \textit{povu\'{c}i se.}}
\end{tablenotes}
 \end{threeparttable}

\end{table}





Although the BCS perfective verb \textit{odsko\v{c}iti }`jump off' shares the
concrete meaning with its Blg. cognate \textit{otsko\v{c}a}, the BCS imperfective
verb \textit{odskakati} has developed the metaphorically extended meaning `stand
out/apart, be different from'. Blg. \textit{otsko\v{c}a }does not share this
metaphorical extension: the corresponding meaning would be expressed with a
different Blg. verb (i.e., \textit{otli\v{c}a se ot} `stand apart, be different
from'\footnote{The BCS verbs with the same stem and meaning are
\textit{razlikovati se} `be different' and \textit{odlikovati se} `stand out'.}),
showing once again that the languages compared usually share the prefix
\textit{od-/‌ot-} to express similar meanings even with different verb stems.



The concrete and abstract motion verbs are usually the same units used in
concrete and abstract contexts. The coexistence of the concrete and abstract
meaning in one single verb suggests that concrete and abstract/metaphorical
(motion) are inseparable categories. The context and the presence of an abstract
landmark disambiguates whether the meaning is concrete or abstract.



Some verbs expressing very specific/unusual manners of (agentive) motion are
almost exclusively related to concrete motion in space (e.g., BCS
\textit{oteturati }`go away staggering, totter away', \textit{ot\v{s}epati }`limp
away') and can hardly be used in metaphorical motion contexts.


\section{Separation}
\label{sec:3}

\subsection{Concrete separation}


The verbs in this section all have to do with separation. These verbs denote
that an entity separates from a source. This meaning arises naturally from the
central one: physical movement away from a source is associated with separation
or detachment of a TR from a LM. This meaning obtains the same representation as
the prototypical one: motion in space away from a source, represented in Figure \vref{fig:1}
We distinguish two subtypes of prefixed verbs with \textit{od-/‌ot-} that denote
this meaning in two event types:


\begin{enumerate}
	\item Spontaneous separation events: X moves away / spontaneously separates from a
source;
	\item Caused separation events: X moves Y away from a source (X causes Y to move
away).
\end{enumerate}


The separation scenarios involve either spontaneous separation, as in Scenario
1, or caused separation involving causal agents, as in Scenario 2. The difference
is expressed by verbs without and with the reflexive \textit{se, }and has to do
with causation and intentional versus non-intentional action. For example, in
BCS/Blg.\textit{ odlju\v{s}titi (se)}/\textit{otlju\v{s}tja} (\textit{se) }`peel
off', the reflexive particle \textit{se} denotes self-caused, usually
non-intentional, processes (spontaneous separation), whereas the same verb
without \textit{se} indicates intentional action by a causal agent, or `X causes
Y to peel off'; that is, intentional separation. Scenario 2 implies three
elements; two participants---a mover (X), and an object moved or separated
(Y)---and a source (a LM) that the moved object is separated from.

In Scenario 2, X causes Y to move away from a source.\textbf{
}\textit{Od-}/‌\textit{ot-} verbs in this scenario imply events of taking away,
sending, carrying, driving, and throwing away, as well as verbs of pulling and
pushing apart (e.g., BCS/Blg. \textit{odvesti/otveda }`take away'). This is a
very productive meaning in both languages. Table \vref{tab:3} contains verbs of separation,
among which a few subgroups can be identified. These subgroups depend on the
semantics of the base verbs; that is, the event types they express:


-- Separation events implying a TR pushing (itself or something else) away from
a LM such as BCS/Blg. \textit{odgurati (se)/otbl\u{a}sna (se) }`push away';
constructions expressing this meaning often co-occur with the preposition
\textit{od/ot;}

-- Events implying detachment of a TR from a LM; for example, BCS/Blg.
\textit{odijeliti (se)/otdelja (se) }`detach, separate'; constructions expressing
this meaning also often co-occur with the preposition \textit{od/ot};

-- Events implying that the TR is taking something away from the LM that
belonged to or was an integral part of the LM; for instance, BCS/Blg.
\textit{odnijeti/otnema }`take away'; constructions with similar verbs also often
include the preposition \textit{od/ot;}


-- Separation events implying separation in the material integrity of an object
(with cutting and breaking events as typical\footnote{On cutting and breaking
events from a cross-linguistic perspective, see \citep{majid2007semantic}.}); for
instance, BCS/Blg. \textit{odrezati/ot\-re\v{z}a }`cut'. Separation is brought
about by a tool. In this scenario, a connection of the separated object and its
source is often implied; the moved object was often (an inherent) part of the
source object, or the moved object and source object were in close physical
contact touching each other; for instance, with verbs meaning `cut/chop/slice
off'; constructions with similar verbs typically include direct objects, and
often adverbials with the preposition \textit{od/ot;}

-- Opening events, including events of taking a top off (e.g., BCS/Blg.
\textit{od\v{c}epiti/ot\-pu\v{s}a }`unclog') with or without a tool; constructions
with similar verbs typically include direct objects;

-- Separation as undoing/cancellation a previous joining event (e.g., BCS/Blg.
\textit{odviti/otvija }`unwind' with or without a tool; constructions with
similar verbs typically include direct objects).

Separation can involve material destruction (e.g., with breaking events), but
does not always do so (e.g., with opening and pushing-apart events). It can also
imply using tools.


Separation verbs imply state change, which is the ``framing event'' \citep{talmy1991path}
in constructions with these verbs.\footnote{According to \citet{talmy1991path}, prefixes
and particles in ``satellite-framed'' languages characteristically encode state
change, whereas the base verbs express ``supporting events'' (e.g., the manner of
the state change). According to \citet{majid2007semantic}, the base verbs inherently
denote the state change, and the satellites reinforce or further specify the
state change.} As the examples in Table \vref{tab:3} show, BCS and Blg. also often use the
same verbal stems in this group. When different stems are used, prefixation with
\textit{od}/‌\textit{ot-} is nevertheless the common pattern for deriving
separation verbs. In some cases, BCS and Blg. do not have an equivalent in
\textit{od-/‌ot-}, but use another prefix (e.g., ablative \textit{u-} in BCS
\textit{ukrasti }vs.\textit{ ot- }in Blg.\textit{ otkradna} `steal').

Within this group, regular antonymous relations between the prefix pairs
\textit{od-/‌ot- }and\textit{ do- }or\textit{ za- }can be observed (e.g.,
BCS/Blg.\textit{ \uline{od}vesti}/\textit{\uline{ot}veda} `take away' vs.\textit{
\uline{do}vesti/\uline{do}veda }`bring';
\textit{\uline{od}lijepiti}/\textit{\uline{otlepja}} `unglue, peel off'
vs.\textit{ \uline{za}lijepiti/\uline{za}lepja (}or\textit{ zalepna) }`glue').
The typical prefix indicating attachment in both languages is \textit{za-} (e.g.,
BCS/Blg. \textit{otvoriti}/\textit{otvorja }`open'\textit{ }vs.\textit{
zatvoriti/zatvorja }`close').


Verbs that involve cancellation of a previous action (see Table \vref{tab:3}) illustrate a
variation of the \textit{separation} schema\emphasis{, }usually implying detachment
or opening. In our view, verbs denoting cancellation are semantically no
different from the other separation verbs, and they align well with them both
semantically and structurally. The cancellation subgroup illustrates separation
of entities that have been put together. In this group, we have noticed that BCS
uses \textit{od-} in some cases in which Blg. uses a different prefix,
\textit{raz-} (e.g., BCS \textit{odmrznuti} vs. Blg. \textit{razmrazja} `thaw,
defrost'; BCS \textit{odmotati }vs.\textit{ }Blg. \textit{razvija/razmotaja
}`unwrap, unwind'\textit{, }although\textit{ otmotaja }is also possible). In some
cases, both languages exhibit variation of \textit{od-} and \textit{raz-} in
near-synonyms; for example, \textit{odvezati/razvezati }in BCS;
\textit{otv\u{a}r\v{z}a/razv\u{a}r\v{z}a} `untie' in Blg.\textit{
Od\v{s}iti/ot\v{s}ija }`unstitch'\textit{ }in BCS\textit{/}Blg have near-synonyms
in \textit{ra\v{s}iti/raz\v{s}ija}. Whereas both \textit{ot\v{s}ija r\u{a}kav
}(impf.) `unstitch a sleeve' (i.e., by detaching the sleeve from the garment)
and\textit{ raz\v{s}ija r\u{a}kav }(impf.) `unstitch a sleeve' (i.e., by undoing
every stitch made on the sleeve) are acceptable in Blg., \textit{raz\v{s}ija
roklja }(impf.) `unstitch a dress' is acceptable with \textit{raz-}, but not with
\textit{ot-} (*\textit{ot\v{s}ija roklja} (impf.) `unstitch the dress', which
would imply that the dress was stitched onto something)\textit{.}

Moreover, \textit{otvija} and \textit{razvija }`unscrew, unwind'{\footnotesize 
}are near-synonyms in Blg. in most contexts. They differ in acceptability in only
a few instances such as \textit{razvja k\u{a}lbo} `unwind a ball (e.g., of
yarn)', but not \textit{*otvija k\u{a}lbo}. This example can be compared to
\textit{otvija/razvija bolt/gajka }`unscrew/unwind a screw/nut',\footnote{Notice
also that the opposite of Blg. \textit{razvija k\u{a}lbo} `unwind a ball (e.g.,
of yarn)' is \textit{navija }`wind up', not\textit{ *zavija}, whereas the
opposite of \textit{razvija/otvija gajka }`unscrew/unwind a nut'\textit{ }is
either\textit{ zavija }or\textit{ navija.}} in which both verbs are possible. It
may be noted that in the case of the ball of yarn, when unwound, the TR acquires
its original thread-like shape and loses the ball-like shape, whereas in the case
of the screw the TR is hard and non-bending, and does not undergo such a
transformation. In BCS, \textit{odviti} and \textit{razviti} are also synonyms in
some contexts, implying `unfold, unroll'. However, \textit{razviti} has another
meaning, `spread' (e.g., \textit{razviti krila} `spread wings'), which is not
conveyed by \textit{odviti}. On the other hand, \textit{odviti,} but not
\textit{razviti, }is used in the meaning `unscrew'. \textit{Raz-} generally
implies `spreading' of a broad surface, or an object's spreading over a broad
surface; it indicates the radial shape of a trajector's path. In both BCS and
Blg., \textit{raz-} generally implies more intensive spreading, or that a larger
area is affected by spreading than \textit{od-} does.

In addition to opening, BCS/Blg. \textit{od\v{s}krinuti/otkrexn}\textit{a},
illustrates an (attenuative) meaning `do X slightly'. Other similar examples
include BCS/Blg. \textit{otpiti}/\textit{otpij}\textit{a} `drink a little/part
of', BCS \textit{odvaditi} `take out part of sth.', BCS/Blg. \textit{otsuti,
odliti}//\textit{otsipj}\textit{a} `pour a little'. In all of these verbs,
however, there is the idea of separation of one object from another one.

\begin{table}
\caption{{\small Verbs of concrete separation prefixed with \textit{od-/‌ot-} in
BCS and Blg.}}
\label{tab:3}
 \begin{threeparttable}[b]
\begin{tabular}{|p{73pt}|p{73pt}|p{120pt}|p{34pt}}
\cline{1-3} 
\multicolumn{3}{|l|}{\parbox{268pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{{CONCRETE SEPARATION}}
}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright } \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{{BCS}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{{Blg.}}
} & \parbox{120pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{{English gloss}}
} & \parbox{34pt}{\raggedright } \\
\cline{1-3}
\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{odmaknuti (se)}}
}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otdr\u{a}pna (se)}}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `move away' }
} & \parbox{34pt} {\raggedright  \multirow{3}{0.8in}{
{\footnotesize Moving and pushing away}
}}  \\
\cline{1-3}

 
\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{odgurati (se), odbiti, odbaciti}}
}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otbl\u{a}sna (se)}}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `push away'}
} &   \\
 \hline

\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{odijeliti (se)}}
}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otdelja (se)}}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `detach, separate' }
} & \parbox{34pt}{\raggedright \multirow{3}{*}{
{\footnotesize Detachment}
}}  \\
\cline{1-3}

\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{odlju\v{s}titi (se)}}
}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otlju\v{s}tja (se)}}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `peel off'}
} &     \\
\cline{1-3}

\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{otkinuti (se)}}
}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otk\u{a}sna (se)}}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `pick (e.g., a flower)'\tnote{1} }
} &   \\
 \hline

\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{odvesti}}
}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otveda}}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `take away'}
} &  \parbox{34pt}{\raggedright \multirow{5}{*}{
{\footnotesize Taking away}
}} \\
\cline{1-3}

\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{otu\dj{}iti}\tnote{2}}
}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otkradna}\tnote{3}}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `steal' }
} &   \\
\cline{1-3}

\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{odnijeti}}
}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otnema}}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `take away'}
} &   \\
\cline{1-3}

\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{odvu\'{c}i}}
}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otvleka}}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `kidnap'}
} &   \\
\cline{1-3}

\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{otu\dj{}iti}}
}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otm\u{a}kna}}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `steal, snatch, take away'\tnote{4}}
}  &     \\
\hline



\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{odcijepiti (se)}}
}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otcepja (se) }}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `chop off, cut out (e.g., an area); separate'}
} &   \parbox{34pt}{\raggedright \multirow{5}{0.7in}{
{\footnotesize Cutting and breaking}
}} \\
\cline{1-3}

\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{odrezati}
}}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otre\v{z}a}}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `cut'}
} &   \\
\cline{1-3}

\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{otpiliti}}
}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otseka}{\footnotesize  }\textit{(klon),}
\textit{otre\v{z}a}}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `cut (e.g., with a saw)'}
} &   \\
\cline{1-3}




\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{odlomiti}
}}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{ot\v{c}upja}
}} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `break/knock/chip/split off'}
} &    \\
\hline

\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{od\v{c}epiti}
}} }& \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otpu\v{s}a}}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `unclog'}
} &   \parbox{34pt}{\raggedright \multirow{3}{*}{
{\footnotesize Opening}
}}  \\
\cline{1-3}

\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{otvoriti}
}}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otvorja}
}} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `open'}
} &   \\
\cline{1-3}

\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{od\v{s}krinuti}}
}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otkrexna}\tnote{5}}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `open slightly'}
} &   \\
\hline

\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{odlijepiti}
}}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otlepja}}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `unglue, peel off'}
} &   \parbox{34pt}{\raggedright \multirow{5}{0.8in}{
{\footnotesize Cancellation of a previous action}
}}  \\
\cline{1-3}

\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{otka\v{c}iti}}
}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize\textit{otka\v{c}a }}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `take off, detach'}
} &   \\
\cline{1-3}

\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize \textit{od\v{s}iti}
}}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{ot\v{s}ija}}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `unstitch'}
} &   \\
\cline{1-3}

\parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize\textit{odviti, od\v{s}arafiti}}
}} & \parbox{73pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otvija}}
} & \parbox{120pt} {\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `unscrew'}
} &   \\
\hline

\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes} \footnotesize{
\item [1] 
\footnotesize{In contexts with flowers (and
fruits), BCS would typically use \textit{ubrati} `pick'.}

\item [2]
\footnotesize{Accodring to HJP, this verb is prefixed with \textit{od}- (here
realized as \textit{o}-) and relates to the adjectival base \textit{tu\dj{}} `foreign'.} 


\item [3]
\footnotesize{BCS uses another ablative prefix, \textit{u-}
(\textit{ukrasti} `steal') with this stem.}

\item [4]
 \footnotesize{BCS
also uses verbs with \textit{u-} (\textit{ukrasti }`steal'\textit{, ugrabiti
}`snatch'\textit{, uzeti }`take') to express these
meanings.}

\item [5]
 \footnotesize{\textit{Otkrexna} \textit{(se)} and\textit{otvorja (se)} also have a metaphorical meaning in Blg. `make/become open-minded'. BCS \textit{otvoriti (se)} (literally, `open') shares this metaphorical meaning, but \textit{od\v{s}krinuti} 'open slightly' does not show this meaning extension. Blg \textit{otkrexna} (slang) means 1. `inform somebody about something'; for example,  \textit{Otkrexnah go kakvo se slu\v{c}i v\v{c}era.} `I informed him what
happened yesterday.', and 2. `teach somebody something'; for example, \textit{Toj
me otkrexna na pu\v{s}eneto.} `He taught me to smoke.' We are grateful to one of
the reviewers for pointing this out to us.} }
   
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}


In most cases, BCS and Blg. use the same stem prefixed with \textit{od-/‌ot-}. In
other cases, different stems are used (BCS \textit{odgurati
}(\textit{se})\textit{ odbaciti }(\textit{se})\textit{, odbiti} (\textit{se})
`push away' vs. Blg. \textit{otbl\u{a}sna }(\textit{se})), but nonetheless the
prefix \textit{od-/‌ot-} is used in the same meaning of separation in both
languages. Occasionally, different prefixes are used. For example, in addition to
the verb with \textit{ot}-, \textit{otp\u{a}dja }`drive off/away'\textit{,} the
Blg. equivalents of both BCS verbs \textit{odagnati} and \textit{otjerati} `drive
away, chase off, kick out',\footnote{BCS \textit{odagnati, otjerati} `drive away,
chase off, kick out' and Blg. \textit{otp\u{a}dja} are also used for abstract
separation; for example, \textit{odagnati/otjerati lo\v{s}e misli/otp\u{a}dja
lo\v{s}i misli} `drive off/away bad thoughts'.} \textit{izgonja} and
\textit{progonja }use the prefixes \textit{iz-} and \textit{pro-} to emphasize
the idea of going out of (or through and then out of) a container boundary. As
these examples show, the two languages make use of slightly different construals:
this implies that the same idea can often be conceptualized and encoded in more
than one way---for example, as a movement away from a source or as going out of a
container boundary---and related languages may end up choosing different means
(in our case, different prefixes) to express that idea, or a given language may
allow a certain overlap in the semantic networks of structures (here, prefixes)
expressing the same idea.

\subsection{Abstract separation}
\label{sec:3.2}

Just as the central sense of concrete motion (moving away from a source) is
transferred to abstract motion (see Section \ref{sec:2}), the idea of separation of
tangible entities in physical space is extended to abstract notions or
metaphorical separation; for example, BCS/Blg. \textit{odnijeti/otnema
(novac/pari)} `take away (money)' is extended to taking away abstract entities
such as faith in \textit{odnijeti/otnema (vjeru/vjara)} `take away (faith)'.
Again, the idea of movement through space is applied to metaphorical or
figurative movement. Many separation verbs are frequently used in both concrete
and metaphorical meanings; separation can be physical or metaphorical. The
landmarks with which the verbs combine in their constructions reveal whether the
verbs' meaning is concrete or metaphorical (compare BCS \textit{odvu\'{c}i koga
kamo }`drag someone away' vs.\textit{ odvu\'{c}i komu pa\v{z}nju }`distract
someone's attention'). Some separation verbs have an exclusively
abstract/metaphorical meaning; for example, \textit{odnaroditi se}\footnote{From
\textit{narod}; the derivation pattern is circumfixation; that is,
*\textit{naroditi se} does not exist.} `lose ethnic identity' in BCS and
\textit{otreka se} `renounce' in Blg.


Some of the verbs of abstract separation are listed in Table \vref{tab:4}. A number of them
were also listed in Table \ref{tab:3} with their concrete meanings. For example, BCS/Blg.
\textit{odvu\'{c}i/otvleka }occur both in concrete contexts meaning `kidnap' (BCS
also: `drag away') and in constructions with abstract meaning such as BCS/Blg.
\textit{odvu\'{c}i pa\v{z}nju/otvleka vnimanie }`distract (one's attention)'. As
shown in Table \ref{tab:4}, again, we distinguish several subtypes of abstract separation:


-- Temporal movement away; for example, BCS/Blg. \textit{odgoditi/otlo\v{z}a
}`postpone';

-- Taking away; for example, BCS/Blg. \textit{odnijeti nadu/otnema nade\v{z}da
}`take away hope', Blg. \textit{otkradna ideja} `steal an idea';

-- Pushing away; for example, BCS/Blg. \textit{otpustiti/otstranja (ot
rabota/post) }`fire (from a job, position)';

-- Giving up or rejecting; for example, BCS/Blg. \textit{odustati (od)
/otka\v{z}a se ot }`refuse, give up'; BCS/Blg. \textit{odbaciti }and\textit{
odbiti/otxv\u{a}rlja} `reject (an idea, a proposal)';

-- Separating or differentiating; for example, BCS/Blg. \textit{odskakati
(od)/otli\v{c}a se ot} `stand out, be different from';

-- Losing or weakening; for example, Blg. \textit{otslabna} `lose
weight';\footnote{BCS uses the prefix \textit{o-} with the verb \textit{oslabiti}
`lose weight or strength'.}

-- Getting distracted; for example, Blg. \textit{otplesna se }`get
distracted/carried away';

-- Cancellation (state change); for example, BCS/Blg. \textit{odviknuti
se/otvikna }`lose a habit'.

We now look at some of these sub-categories in greater detail. Movement away
from source/separation in space transfers to movement away from a temporal
point/separation in time (e.g., BCS/Blg. \textit{odgoditi ispit/otlo\v{z}a izpit}
`postpone an exam') via the metaphors \emphasis{Time Is a Moving Object} or
\emphasis{Time Is Stationary and We Move Through It} \citep[42-43]{lakoff1980metaphors}; \citep[76]{lakoffetal89}.\footnote{These metaphors are realized, for
example, in expressions \textit{The time has come to change our approach; We are
still approaching the future of data protection.}} BCS \textit{odmaknuti }`pass'
(e.g., \textit{vrijeme je odmaklo }`time passed') and Blg. \textit{otletja }`fly'
(e.g., \textit{vremeto otletja} `time flew') are used in constructions with time
as a TR.


Blg. \textit{otdr\u{a}pna se }`move away', in addition to its concrete meaning,
can be used in abstract contexts meaning `retreat,\textit{ }stay away from, live
in isolation'.

BCS\textit{ odmamiti }and \textit{odvabiti}\footnote{Blg. would use a verb with
the prefix \textit{pri-} or \textit{pod-}, or a phrase (e.g., \textit{primamja,
podmamja, otveda s podmamvane}) to express this meaning.} `draw away' are used in
both concrete and abstract contexts. The base verb \textit{vabiti} implies
calling and using sounds to (typically) cause an animal to move towards an agent.
In its abstract meaning, \textit{odvabiti} implies convincing humans to abandon a
certain concrete or metaphorical position. The same meaning could be expressed by
Blg. \textit{otp\u{a}dja}, although this verb is used mostly about shooing away
animals.

\newpage

%\begin{center}
%\begin{longtable}{|p{95pt}|p{94pt}|p{139pt}|p{67pt}}
%\caption{Verbs of abstract separation prefixed with \textit{od/‌ot-} in BCS and
%Blg.}
%\label{tab:4}
% \begin{threeparttable}[b]
%%\begin{tabular}{|p{95pt}|p{94pt}|p{139pt}|p{67pt}}
%\cline{1-3} 
%\multicolumn{3}{|l|}{\parbox{324pt}{\raggedright 
%\textbf{\emphasis{{\footnotesize Abstract separation}}}
%}} & \parbox{67pt}{\raggedright } \\
%\endfirsthead
%
%
%\cline{1-3} 
%\multicolumn{3}{|l|}{\parbox{324pt}{\raggedright 
%\textbf{\emphasis{{\footnotesize Abstract separation}}}
%}} & \parbox{67pt}{\raggedright } \\
%\endhead
%
%\multicolumn{3}{l}{{Continued on Next Page\ldots}} \\
%\endfoot
%
%\multicolumn{3}{l}{{Continued on Next Page\ldots}} \\
% \endlastfoot
%
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%\emphasis{{\footnotesize BCS}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\emphasis{{\footnotesize Blg.}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%\emphasis{{\footnotesize English gloss}}
%} & \parbox{67pt}{\raggedright } \\
%\hline
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odgoditi}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otlo\v{z}a}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `postpone'}
%} & \parbox{67pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize Temporal movement away}
%} \\
%\hline
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odnijeti}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otnema}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `take away'}
%} & \parbox{67pt}{\raggedright \multirow{3}{*}{
%{\footnotesize Taking away}
%}} \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otkradna }}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `steal'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize oduzeti}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otnema}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `take away'}
%} &  \\
%\hline
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odgurati, odbiti, odbaciti}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otbl\u{a}sna}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `push someone away'}
%} & \parbox{67pt}{\raggedright \multirow{4}{*}{
%{\footnotesize Pushing away}
%}} \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odbiti (od sise)\tnote{1}}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otbija }}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `wean'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odmamiti\tnote{2}}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `draw away'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otpustiti}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otstranja }}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `fire (from a job)'}
%} &  \\
%\hline
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odbiti}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otka\v{z}a}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `refuse'}
%} & \parbox{67pt}{\raggedright \multirow{7}{*}{
%{\footnotesize Giving up/rejecting}
%}} \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odustati}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otka\v{z}a se}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `give up, surrender'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odbaciti, odbiti}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otxv\u{a}rlja}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `reject'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otrgnuti se}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otk\u{a}sna se}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `get away from'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odsje\'{c}i}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otseka}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `tell bluntly, categorically'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odvu\'{c}i}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otvleka}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `distract'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otplesna se }}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `get distracted/carried away'\tnote{3}}
%} &  \\
%\hline
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize \textit{odudarati/odskakati }(impf.)}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otli\v{c}a se }}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `stand out, be different'}
%} & \parbox{67pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize Differentiating}
%} \\
%\hline
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otslabna}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `lose weight, weaken'\tnote{4}}
%} & \parbox{67pt}{\raggedright \multirow{2}{*}{
%{\footnotesize Losing/}
%{\footnotesize weakening }
%}} \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otpustiti }}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otpusna}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `loosen, weaken'}
%} &  \\
%\hline
%\parbox{95pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odmetnuti se}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otmetna se }}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `become an outlaw; back out of, renounce'}
%} & \parbox{67pt}{\raggedright \multirow{12}{*}{
%{\footnotesize Cancellation/}
%{\footnotesize change of state}
%}} \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{100pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odnaroditi se }}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize \textit{otreka se (ot narod)}\tnote{5}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `lose ethnic identity'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{100pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odvrgnuti se\tnote{6} }}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otka\v{z}a se, otreka se}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `abandon, renounce'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{100pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odre\'{c}i (se)}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otreka (se)}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize [non-reflexive] `reject, deny'; [reflexive] `withdraw, renounce'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{100pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize \textit{otkazati}\tnote{7}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otmenja}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `annul'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{100pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odu\v{c}iti }}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otu\v{c}a}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `unlearn'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{100pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odljutiti se }}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `calm down'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3}
%
%
%
%\parbox{100pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odmo\'{c}i }}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `do nothing to help, hinder'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{100pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odmoriti se}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otmorja (se), otd\u{a}xna si}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `rest'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{100pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odmrsiti}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `unravel'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{100pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize odviknuti se}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otvikna}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `lose a habit'}
%} &  \\
%\cline{1-3} 
%\parbox{100pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
%} & \parbox{94pt}{\raggedright 
%\textit{{\footnotesize otre\v{z}a}}
%} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
%{\footnotesize `say ``no''; refuse (bluntly)'}
%} &  \\
%
%\hline
%
%
%%\end{tabular}
%
%\end{longtable}
%
%\begin{tablenotes} \footnotesize{
%\item [1] 
%\footnotesize{The meaning of the Blg. verb is
%more specialized (`wean a baby'). There is also an idiomatic expression
%\textit{otbija nomera} `pretend to do something well'. BCS \textit{odbiti} has
%several meanings: \textit{odbiti ponudu} `reject (a proposal)'; \textit{odbiti}
%(\textit{od pla\'{c}e}) `deduct'; knock off', \textit{odbiti} (\textit{od sise}):
%`wean' (an entire construction is needed for this meaning to be realized).}
%\item [2] \footnotesize{In some BCS verbs, a regular antonymic
%relation between \textit{od- }and\textit{ do-} can be observed; for instance,
%\textit{odmamiti }`draw away' versus \textit{domamiti }`lure'. For these
%meanings, Blg. uses the prefix \textit{pri-}, \textit{primamja }`lure',
%and\textit{ iz-, izmamja }`cheat, lie'. A dialectal Blg. near-equivalent of the
%BCS \textit{odmamiti} could be the verb with the same stem, \textit{otmamja}
%`distract somebody's attention' (we owe this comment to a reviewer).}
%\item [3] \footnotesize{BCS uses verbs with other
%spatial prefixes (\textit{za-, s-}) to express a similar meaning
%(\textit{zalutati, skrenuti, zanijeti se} \textit{u mislima}) `get
%distracted'.}
%
%\item [4] \footnotesize{A similar BCS verb,
%\textit{oslabiti}, contains the prefix \textit{o(b)- }(see\textit{ }HJP,\url{http://hjp.srce.hr/index.php?show=search}).}
%
%\item [5] \footnotesize{Or \textit{otrodja se}
%`alienate from relatives/kin/origin/ethnicity' (as suggested to us by a
%reviewer).}
%
%\item [6] \footnotesize{For example, BCS\textit{ odvrgnuti
%se od vjere }`renounce faith'.}
%
%\item [7] \footnotesize{We owe this suggestion to a reviewer.
%BCS also uses \textit{poni\v{s}titi, }and \textit{anulirati} `annul' in some
%contexts; for example, \textit{poni\v{s}titi narud\v{z}bu }`cancel an order'.}
%
%\end{tablenotes}
%\end{threeparttable}
%
%\end{center}

\begin{center}
\begin{table}[!htbp]
\caption{Verbs of abstract separation prefixed with \textit{od-/‌ot-} in BCS and
Blg.}
\label{tab:4}
 \begin{threeparttable}[b]
\begin{tabular}{|p{93pt}|p{83pt}|p{115pt}|p{47pt}}
\cline{1-3} 
\multicolumn{3}{|l|}{\parbox{291pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{Abstract separation}
}} & \parbox{47pt}{\raggedright } \\

\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{BCS}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{Blg.}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{English gloss}
} & \parbox{47pt}{\raggedright } \\
\hline
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odgoditi}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otlo\v{z}a}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `postpone'}
} &
{\parbox{67pt}{\raggedright {\footnotesize $\,\,\,\,$Temporal movement away}}}
 \\
\hline
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odnijeti}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otnema}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `take away'}
} & \parbox{47pt}{\raggedright \multirow{3}{*}{
{\footnotesize Taking away}
}} \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otkradna }}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `steal'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize oduzeti}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otnema}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `take away'}
} &  \\
\hline
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odgurati, odbiti, odbaciti}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otbl\u{a}sna}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `push someone away'}
} & \parbox{47pt}{\raggedright \multirow{4}{*}{
{\footnotesize Pushing away}
}} \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{odbiti (od sise)}\tnote{1}}}
 & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otbija }}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `wean'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{odmamiti}\tnote{2}}}
 & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `draw away'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otpustiti}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otstranja }}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `fire (from a job)'}
} &  \\
\hline
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odbiti}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otka\v{z}a}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `refuse'}
} & \parbox{47pt}{\raggedright \multirow{7}{*}{
{\footnotesize Giving up/rejecting}
}} \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odustati}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otka\v{z}a se}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `give up, surrender'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odbaciti, odbiti}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otxv\u{a}rlja}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `reject'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otrgnuti se}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otk\u{a}sna se}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `get away from'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odsje\'{c}i}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otseka}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `tell bluntly, categorically'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odvu\'{c}i}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otvleka}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `distract'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otplesna se }}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `get distracted/carried away'\tnote{3}}
} &  \\
\hline
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{odudarati/odskakati }(impf.)}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otli\v{c}a se }}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `stand out, be different'}
} & \parbox{47pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize $\,\,\,\,$Differentiating}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otslabna}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `lose weight, weaken'\tnote{4}}
} & \parbox{47pt}{\raggedright \multirow{2}{*}{
{\footnotesize Losing/weakening }
}} \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otpustiti }}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otpusna}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `loosen, weaken'}
} &  \\
\hline
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odmetnuti se}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otmetna se }}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `become an outlaw; back out of, renounce'}
} & \parbox{17pt}{\raggedright \multirow{11}{1in}{
{\footnotesize Cancellation/change of state}
}} \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odnaroditi se }}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otreka se (ot narod)}\tnote{5}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `lose ethnic identity'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{odvrgnuti se}\tnote{6} }
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otka\v{z}a se, otreka se}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `abandon, renounce'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odre\'{c}i (se)}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otreka (se)}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize [non-reflexive] `reject, deny'; [reflexive] `withdraw, renounce'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otkazati}\tnote{7}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otmenja}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `annul'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odu\v{c}iti }}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otu\v{c}a}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `unlearn'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odljutiti se }}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `calm down'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3}



\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odmo\'{c}i }}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `do nothing to help, hinder'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odmoriti se}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otmorja (se), otd\u{a}xna si}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `rest'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odmrsiti}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `unravel'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odviknuti se}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otvikna}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `lose a habit'}
} &  \\
\cline{1-3} 
\parbox{93pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{83pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otre\v{z}a}}
} & \parbox{115pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `say ``no''; refuse (bluntly)'}
} &  \\

\hline




\end{tabular}

\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}



\begin{tablenotes} 
\item [1] \footnotesize{{$^{1}$} The meaning of the Blg. verb is
more specialized (`wean a baby'). There is also an idiomatic expression 
\textit{otbija} \\  \textit{nomera} `pretend to do something well'. BCS \textit{odbiti} has
several meanings: \textit{odbiti ponudu} `reject (a proposal)'; \textit{odbiti}
(\textit{od pla\'{c}e}) `deduct'; knock off', \textit{odbiti} (\textit{od sise}):
`wean' (an entire construction is needed for this meaning to be realized).}

\item [2] \footnotesize{{$^{2}$} In some BCS verbs, a regular antonymic
relation between \textit{od- }and\textit{ do-} can be observed; for instance,
\textit{odmamiti }`draw  away' versus \textit{domamiti }`lure'. For these
meanings, Blg. uses the prefix \textit{pri-}, \textit{primamja }`lure',
and\textit{ iz-, izmamja} \\ `cheat, lie'. A dialectal Blg. near-equivalent of the
BCS \textit{odmamiti} could be the verb with the same stem, \\ \textit{otmamja}
`distract  somebody's attention' (we owe this comment to a reviewer).}
\item [3] \footnotesize{{$^{3}$} BCS uses verbs with other
spatial prefixes (\textit{za-, s-}) to express a similar meaning
(\textit{zalutati, skrenuti, zanijeti \\ se} \textit{u mislima}) `get
distracted'.}

\item [4] \footnotesize{{$^{4}$} A similar BCS verb,
\textit{oslabiti}, contains the prefix \textit{o(b)- }(see\textit{ }HJP, \\ \url{http://hjp.srce.hr/index.php?show=search}).}



\item [5] \footnotesize{{$^{5}$} Or \textit{otrodja se}
`alienate from relatives/kin/origin/ethnicity' (as suggested to us by a
reviewer).}

\item [6] \footnotesize{{$^{6}$} For example, BCS\textit{ odvrgnuti
se od vjere }`renounce faith'.}

\item [7] \footnotesize{{$^{7}$} We owe this suggestion to a reviewer.
BCS also uses \textit{poni\v{s}titi, }and \textit{anulirati} `annul' in some
contexts; for \\ example, \textit{poni\v{s}titi narud\v{z}bu }`cancel an order'.}

\end{tablenotes}

\end{center}

Verbs of cutting also acquire abstract meanings. Both BCS and Blg.
\textit{odcijepiti se/otcepja se ot} `chop off, cut out; separate'{\footnotesize 
}can be used for metaphorical separation; for example\textit{, }in\textit{
}political contexts implying `go one's own way, choose another option, leave a
party/group'. In addition, Blg. \textit{otcepja }has developed another abstract
meaning, `to take a short-cut, usually when running away from something
unpleasant' \citep[1166]{rbe02}. It can be used with a dative enclitic personal
pronoun in the 3rd person singular to mean `to fall into a deep sleep'; for
example, \textit{otcepix mu edin s\u{a}n }`I had a good, sound sleep' \citep[1166]{rbe02}. There is a synonymous verb in Blg., \textit{otk\u{a}rtja }which is
used in the same way: \textit{otk\u{a}rtix mu edin s\u{a}n}. In all cases, the
idea of separation is moving away from a (normal) state (i.e., staying with the
members of your group, or being awake) into a new state.

Blg.\textit{ otrje\v{z}a} `cut' extends into a metaphorical domain conveying the
meaning `say ``no'' to someone/something'\textit{. }BCS \textit{odrezati,
odsje\'{c}i}, and \textit{odbrusiti}\footnote{The BCS base \textit{brusiti
}means\textit{ }`grind off'.} {\small mean} `tell (anything) bluntly'.
Incidentally, another Blg. verb of cutting, \textit{otseka}, is used to mean
`tell bluntly/categorically'.\footnote{We are simply providing here what we
believe are good translations of these verbs in English. However, we do not claim
that such pseudo--verbs of saying incorporate the meanings of their possible
complements (such as negation or bluntness) into  themselves. The important point
is that these verbs represent a case of a metaphorical extension of ``movement
away'' (i.e., cutting), where the entity being cut is an abstract one (the
conversation) and is usually cut out entirely, without leaving open the
possibility to resume it.} In addition, BCS \textit{odrezati }and
\textit{odsje\'{c}i} are metaphorically extended in contexts such as \textit{noge
su mi se odrezale/odsjekle} `my knees turned to jelly',\footnote{In Blg., a
similar meaning is expressed with \textit{podkosiha mi se krakata} `([literally]
my feet were cut off) I lost the ground under my feet'; for example, due to fear
or excitement (e.g., when one is in love).} in which a negative event or emotion
such as fear affects a person or parts of the person's body, just like cutting
something off would affect an object in a spatial scenario.

Verbs of detachment such as Blg. \textit{otk\u{a}sna se }`pick (e.g., a
flower)'{\footnotesize  }also have an abstract meaning in addition to their
concrete one: `split off from (e.g., a group), stop following (e.g., news), stay
away from, live in isolation'; for instance, \textit{otk\u{a}sna se (ot
problemite) }`get away from problems'. This verb can also be used with the dative
clitic in Blg., \textit{otkusna mi se ot surtzeto} `I gave (someone) something
reluctantly'. Without \textit{se}, this verb typically applies to concrete
contexts such as\textit{ otk\u{a}sna (cvete)} `pick (a flower)'. BCS
\textit{otrgnuti (se)} has a similar meaning. In addition to its concrete
meaning, `pluck; tear/wrench/pull/rip off', it is also used in abstract contexts
(e.g., \textit{ne mo\v{z}e se otrgnuti od te ideje} `([literally] (s)he cannot
tear herself/himself from that idea]) (s)he can't get that idea out of her/his
head').


Some verbs in the last part of Table 4 indicate cancellation or annulment.
Abstract separation in general, and annulment as one of its subtypes, are both
changes of state. We consider cancellation of a previous state --- which
necessarily implies state change --- to be abstract separation. Abstract separation
is thus a movement from a previous state A (or a source state A) into another
state B, as illustrated by BCS/Blg. \textit{odviknuti se / otvikna }`lose a
habit'. BCS seems to be more productive with \textit{od-} verbs indicating
annulment. For example, Blg. does not have an equivalent with the prefix
\textit{ot-} to BCS \textit{odljutiti se }`calm down'\textit{ }(although Blg. has
\textit{ljutja se} and \textit{razljutja se} `become angry'),\textit{ }and it
uses the prefix \textit{u-} or a prefix combination \textit{po-u-,}
\textit{(po)uspokoja se }`calm down'.


\textit{Od-/‌ot-}\textbf{ }verbs in this group often have antonyms in verbs
prefixed with, \textit{na-}, \textit{do-}, and \textit{s-} (e.g., BCS/Blg.
\textit{\uline{od}u\v{c}iti/\uline{ot}u\v{c}a} `unlearn' vs.
\textit{\uline{na}u\v{c}iti/\uline{na}u\v{c}a }`learn'; BCS/Blg.
\textit{odviknuti} (\textit{se})/\textit{otvikna }vs.\textit{ naviknuti
}(\textit{se})/\textit{svikna }`get used to'). Among verbs indicating annulment,
there is also a regular antonymic relation between \textit{od- }and \textit{za-};
for example, BCS \textit{\uline{od}mrsiti }`unravel' versus
\textit{\uline{za}mrsiti} `tangle', and Blg. \textit{\uline{ot}reka} `renounce'
versus \textit{\uline{za}reka} `vow'.

Table \vref{tab:4} also shows that some verbs with similar meanings have different stems in
BCS and Blg. (e.g., BCS \textit{odnaroditi se} and Blg. \textit{otreka se (ot
rod, rodina }`lose ethnic identity')\textit{.}

\section{Completion of an action}
\label{sec:4}

\subsection{Completion of an action from the beginning to the end is emphasized}

The completion of a path in motion verbs is often reanalyzed as a completion of
an action via the conventional metaphor {\em{An Activity is a Journey (}}i.e.,
\emphasis{long-term purposeful activity} \emphasis{is a journey, }see, e.g., \citep[36]{lakoffetal91}.\footnote{Observable in expressions; for example, \textit{A wind
power project on Sable Island off Nova Scotia is over budget and remains at a
standstill; Infrastructure work is going ahead as planned.}} Instead of
emphasizing concrete spatial sources (which inevitably imply paths),
\textit{od-/‌ot-} verbs in this group emphasize the initial sequences of processes
and actions conceptualized as sources.

The verbs in this section (see the examples in Table \vref{tab:5}) highlight the completion
of an action from its beginning to its final stage or to the end. Given that
\textit{od-/‌ot-} usually emphasizes the initial point of a process, it may seem
odd that this prefix indicates completion. However, this meaning can be seen as
an instance of metonymy: the source stands for the entire path.

The verbs in this section can also be understood as relating to a more general
meaning of `disassociation from an activity' that could be habitual or located at
a given time, and conceived as a departure of the speaker from the activity or
the activity from the speaker (and thus not connected with the physical needs or
emotions associated with the activity).\footnote{We are grateful to one of the
reviewers for pointing this out to us.}




\begin{table}
\caption{Verbs of completion prefixed with \textit{od-/‌ot-} in BCS and Blg.}
\label{tab:5}
 \begin{threeparttable}[b]
\begin{tabular}{|p{65pt}|p{65pt}|p{155pt}|}
\hline
\multicolumn{3}{|l|}{\parbox{331pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{{Completion of an action from beginning to end}}
}} \\
\hline
\parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{BCS}
} & \parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{Blg.}
} & \parbox{155pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{English gloss}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odbrojiti}}
} & \parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otbroja}}
} & \parbox{155pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `count off'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize o(d)\v{c}itati}}
} & \parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize ot\v{c}eta}}
} & \parbox{155pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `read off; consider, take into account'\tnote{1}}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odrasti}}
} & \parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otrasna }}
} & \parbox{155pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `grow up'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{odgledati}\tnote{2}
}} & \parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{155pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `see all of'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odgojiti}}
} & \parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otgledam}}
} & \parbox{155pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `bring up'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odnjegovati }}
} & \parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otgle\v{z}a}}
} & \parbox{155pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `cultivate'\tnote{3}}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odglumiti }}
} & \parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize ?}}
} & \parbox{155pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `act out'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odigrati }}
} & \parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otigraja (si)}\tnote{4}
}} & \parbox{155pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `play through/finish a game'\tnote{5}}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odraditi }}
} & \parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otrabotja}\tnote{6}}
} & \parbox{155pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `work off; makeup for work'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{odrecitirati}\tnote{7}}
} & \parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{155pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `have done reciting'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odslu\v{s}ati}}
} & \parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{155pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `hear out'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odsvirati}}
} & \parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otsvirja}}
} & \parbox{155pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `play through; kick out a player (sports)'\tnote{8}}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize od\v{s}utjeti }}
} & \parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{155pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `refrain from replying'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize od\v{s}kolovati }}
} & \parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{155pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `put through school'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{otmetna}\tnote{9}}
} & \parbox{155pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `take attendance, check items on a list'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{65pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otremontiram }}
} & \parbox{155pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `renovate, fix'}
} \\
\hline
 

 


\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes} \footnotesize{
\item [1] \footnotesize{{The BCS
\textit{o(d)\v{c}itati} does not mean `consider, take into account'. In BCS, with
some base verbs both \textit{od-} and \textit{do-} express a similar meaning
(e.g., \textit{od\v{c}itati} and \textit{do\v{c}itati}). Interestingly, in Blg.
\textit{ot\v{c}eta }also means `take into account, consider; use somebody's own
judgement; read off (device)', whereas\textit{ do\v{c}eta }means `finish
reading'.}}

\item [2] \footnotesize{{The Blg. near-equivalent is with
\textit{o-}, \textit{ogledam} `look from all sides, look at everything'.}}

\item [3] \footnotesize{Both rearing (children) and cultivating
(plants) can be rendered by \textit{otgledam }in Blg.}

\item [4] \footnotesize{The Blg. \textit{otigraja (si)} means `play to one's heart's content', and \textit{otigraja} is occasionally
used to mean `dance to an end'. Interestingly, however, when \textit{otigraja} is
used in the third person singular form and is combined with the dative enclitic
personal pronoun (e.g., \textit{da mi se otigrae,}) the verb means exactly the
opposite: `not to feel like dancing/playing any more' (e.g., \textit{Kato \v{c}uh
lo\v{s}ata novina, mi se otigra. })`On hearing the bad news, I suddenly didn't
feel like dancing/playing any more' (we owe this insightful comment to a
reviewer).}

\item [5] \footnotesize{{The Blg. verb with the same
stem and \textit{ot-, otigraja} as a sports term means `catch a flying ball and
pass it precisely to a teammate'.} }
   
\item [6] \footnotesize
{BCS verb also implies `finish all
work'. Blg. \textit{otrabotja }is used to express `work late or during a weekend
to compensate for previous time off'.} 

\item [7] \footnotesize{The Blg. equivalents of
\textit{odrecitirati} and \textit{odslu\v{s}ati} are prefixed with \textit{iz-}:
\textit{izrecetiram} `recite', \textit{izslu\v{s}am} `hear out'.}

\item [8] \footnotesize{In Blg.
sports slang, \textit{otsvirja} means `drive away/out', `expel (from)', `kick
out' (reviewer comment).}

\item [9] \footnotesize{BCS does not have an \textit{od-}
equivalent and would use \textit{zabilje\v{z}iti, ozna\v{c}iti} for `check items
on a list'.}}

\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

Some examples in Table \vref{tab:5} reveal a few interesting systematic differences between
BCS and Blg. The first is related to Blg. examples such as \textit{otigraja si}
`have enough of playing; play till one's heart is content' that represent a
regular pattern. Unlike BCS and Blg. verbs in \textit{na-}[verb] \textit{se}
structures meaning simply `have enough of'; for example, BCS/Blg.
\textit{naigrati se/naigraja se} `have enough of playing', Blg.
\textit{ot-}[verb] \textit{si} structures carry additional implications. The
standpoint of the speaker in the latter case is not neutral, and such Blg. verbs
with \textit{ot-} imply `have enough of something, especially after you haven't
been able to get it for a long time, and to have so much of it that you don't
want/crave it any more' (e.g., \textit{otspja si, otvzema si}, \textit{otjam si
na} mean respectively `sleep/have/eat so much that you don't want it any more').
This specialized meaning in Blg. may be viewed as an abstract separation or
change of state from an (abnormal) state of not having enough of something to a
new state (of having enough of it, having it to full satisfaction, often having
too much) --- an explanation that does not contradict, but instead complements, the
idea of completion. BCS lacks this `have enough of' pattern with \textit{od-}
verbs.

Another systematic difference relates to the relation of \textit{od-/‌ot-} and
\textit{iz-}. It seems that BCS is more productive in using \textit{od-} in the
meaning of completion, allowing many verbs of the \textit{od\v{s}kolovati} `put
through school' type. A regular matching pattern in Blg. includes \textit{iz-}
(e.g., for BCS \textit{od\v{s}kolovati}, Blg. would use \textit{izu\v{c}a
}(\textit{se}) `get educated'). For BCS \textit{odslu\v{s}ati }`hear out', Blg.
would use \textit{izslu\v{s}am} `hear out', again with the prefix \textit{iz-}.
Also for \textit{odsvirati }`play through', Blg. uses \textit{iz-}:
\textit{izsvirja} `play out, play the entire piece'.\footnote{The Blg.
construction \textit{da si otsvirja} exists, but it means `play so much that you
do not feel the need to play any more'.} The relation of \textit{od-} and
\textit{iz-} in BCS and Blg. illustrated by, for instance,
\textit{odsvirati/izsvirja} is interesting: the central spatial meanings of both
prefixes, \textit{iz-} and \textit{od}/‌\textit{ot-}, originally relates to
leaving (spatial) sources, and so these prefixes share part of their semantic
space. Obviously, there is a partial overlap of the meanings of the source
prefixes \textit{iz-} and \textit{od-/‌ot-}. This is consistent with the cognitive
model, which allows fuzzy boundaries and overlapping concepts.

An interesting semantic opposition relates the BCS/Blg. verbs
\textit{odrasti/otrasna} and \textit{dorasti/dorasna: }the meaning of the
\textit{od-/‌ot-} verbs is `grow up', whereas the \textit{do-}verbs imply `become
equal to, become able to cope, become big enough to do something'. One may note
that the BCS/Blg. verb with \textit{od-/‌ot-} is an activity, whereas the verb
with \textit{do-} is an accomplishment.

\subsection{Duration of an action is emphasized}
All verbs in this section (see the examples in Table \vref{tab:6}) share an emphasis on the
entirety of the time period needed for the completion of an action (a variant and
implication of completion). Some verbs emphasize long duration. This meaning is
possible because the prefix \textit{od-/‌ot-} emphasizes a (spatial) source, the
initial point of an action. This emphasis interacts with the meaning of the base
verb, and an implication of a long duration may arise. Long duration is somehow a
predictable sense in the combination of the semantics of
\textit{od}/‌\textit{ot-} and that of certain base verbs. This sense arises, for
instance, with posture verbs such as BCS/Blg. \textit{le\v{z}ati/le\v{z}a} `lie
down' which refer to states and have no natural termination point (this, the
sense `reach the point X' is excluded). However, \textit{odsjesti/ otsedna}
`stay' can be used even for a short, one-night stay, and \textit{odsustvovati}
(impf.)/\textit{ots\u{a}stvam }`be away' can refer to a short, crucial moment.
There is a spatio-temporal metonymic relation between the archaic meaning of Blg.
\textit{otsedna} `dismount (from a horse or similar)' \citep[1146]{rbe02} and the
meaning `lodge'; one usually lodges when (and where) one dismounts.\footnote{We
are grateful to one of the reviewers for this suggestion.}

\textit{Odle\v{z}ati}/\textit{otle\v{z}a }`spend a long time' and
\textit{odslu\v{z}iti}/\textit{otslu\v{z}a} `do service'{\footnotesize  }both
take direct objects, often phrases referring to a prison term and a term of duty,
respectively (e.g., BCS/Blg. \textit{odle\v{z}ati tri godine}/\textit{otle\v{z}a
tri-godishna pris\u{a}da }`do three years (a three-year sentence) in prison';
\textit{otslu\v{z}iti vojni rok/otslu\v{z}a voenna slu\v{z}ba} `complete one's
military service') and could thus be viewed as expressing that the subject moves
away from their usual location for a given period in the time continuum.

\begin{table}
\caption{Verbs of emphasized duration prefixed with \textit{od-/‌ot-} in BCS and
Blg.}
\label{tab:6}

\vspace{3pt} \noindent
\begin{tabular}{|p{89pt}|p{85pt}|p{139pt}|}
\hline
\multicolumn{3}{|l|}{\parbox{313pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{{Completion: Emphasized duration}}
}} \\
\hline
\parbox{89pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{{BCS}}
} & \parbox{85pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{{Blg.}}
} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{{English gloss}}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{89pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odle\v{z}ati}}
} & \parbox{85pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otle\v{z}a}}
} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `spend a long time'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{89pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odrobijati}}
} & \parbox{85pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `do time in a penitentiary'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{89pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odsjediti}}
} & \parbox{85pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `sit through'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{89pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odstajati}}
} & \parbox{85pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize --}}
} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `stand through'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{89pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odslu\v{z}iti}}
} & \parbox{85pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otslu\v{z}a}}
} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `do service'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{89pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odsjesti}}
} & \parbox{85pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otsedna}}
} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `stay'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{89pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize \textit{odsustvovati} (impf.)}
} & \parbox{85pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize ots\u{a}stvam}}
} & \parbox{139pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `be away'}
} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\vspace{2pt}

\end{table}




Although both languages emphasize (long) duration by adding
\textit{od}/‌\textit{ot-} to certain verbs (e.g., verbs of posture, verbs whose
base form implies `spend time'), such as with BCS/Blg.
\textit{odle\v{z}ati/otle\v{z}a}, `spend a long time in bed/prison/cellaring',
BCS seems to be more productive as shown by examples such as \textit{odrobijati
10 godina} `do/serve ten years in a penitentiary', \textit{morali smo odsjediti
jo\v{s} jedno dosadno predavanje }`we had to sit through another boring lecture',
\textit{odstajati cijeli koncert} `stand all through the concert'.\footnote{In
BCS, all three imperfective position verbs (\textit{sjediti }`sit',\textit{
le\v{z}ati }`lie',\textit{ stajati }`stand') take \textit{od-} to refer to the
completion of a long-lasting process of sitting, lying, and standing
(\textit{odsjediti }`sit through',\textit{ odle\v{z}ati }`spend some time in
bed/prison',\textit{ odstajati }`stand through'). Blg. seems to lack an
\textit{ot-} equivalent for BCS \textit{odsjediti }`sit through' (this idea can
be expressed with the phrase \textit{sedja prez cjaloto vreme}); \textit{otstoja}
does exist, but it means `to defend an idea or place and not let anyone attack
it.'} Blg. uses other prefixes and/or verbs to express the same meaning; for
example, \textit{iz-} in \textit{izle\v{z}a} `spend time (in prison)',
\textit{izslu\v{s}am lekcija} `listen to a lecture'.

In a single verb, the meaning of \textit{od-/‌ot-} is `be absent/away': BCS/Blg.
\textit{odsustvovati}/\textit{ots\u{a}stvam }`be away'.\textit{ }The link between
this verb and other verbs is an emphasis on duration; although the duration of
absence with \textit{odsustvovati}/\textit{ots\u{a}stvam} can be short and
related to a limited, crucial moment only, the emphasis is on an entirety of the
period of absence\textit{.}

\subsection{Action in response (Reactive action)}
\label{sec:4.3}

A group of verbs with \textit{od}/‌\textit{ot-} (often communication verbs)
expressing metaphorical rather than physical movement imply an action in response
to some other action (see the examples in Table \vref{tab:7}); for instance,
BCS/Blg.\textit{ odgovoriti/otgovorja} `reply', and \textit{otplatiti/otplatja}
`pay back'. With these verbs, the completion of a path is conceptualized as the
completion of an action, hence we have grouped them with the other completion
verbs. In addition, there is an additional implication of a previous action that
requires response. When the response is provided, as expressed by the verb with
\textit{od-/ot-}, the action can be considered completed.


These examples clearly show that meaning is construed not only by the verbal
prefixes, but also by the verbal stem (and other contextual factors). Only by
having a former action in mind can \textit{od-/‌ot-} be seen as a ``response'' to
something: the meaning of BCS/Blg. \textit{odgovoriti/otgovorja}
`reply'{\footnotesize  }is dependent on \textit{pitati/pitam} `ask'.

\begin{table}
\caption{Verbs expressing action in response with \textit{od-/‌ot-} in BCS and
Blg.}
\label{tab:7}

 \begin{threeparttable}[b]
\begin{tabular}{|p{84pt}|p{84pt}|p{127pt}|}
\hline
\multicolumn{3}{|l|}{\parbox{345pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{Action in response}
}} \\
\hline
\parbox{84pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{BCS}
} & \parbox{84pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{Blg.}
} & \parbox{127pt}{\raggedright 
\emphasis{English gloss}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{84pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odazvati se }}
} & \parbox{84pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otzova se}}
} & \parbox{127pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `respond to'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{84pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odgovoriti}}
} & \parbox{84pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otgovorja}}
} & \parbox{127pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `reply'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{84pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odvrattiti}}
} & \parbox{84pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otv\u{a}rna}}
} & \parbox{127pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `retort, reply'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{84pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odzdraviti}}
} & \parbox{84pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otv\u{a}rna na pozdrav}}
} & \parbox{127pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `return a greeting, nod, wave back'}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{84pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odgovoriti, odazvati se}}
} & \parbox{84pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otklikna}}
} & \parbox{127pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `respond (e.g., to a call for help') }
} \\
\hline
\parbox{84pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otplatiti}}
} & \parbox{84pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otplatja se}}
} & \parbox{127pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `pay back, return a favor'\tnote{1}}
} \\
\hline
\parbox{84pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize odmazditi}}
} & \parbox{84pt}{\raggedright 
\textit{{\footnotesize otm\u{a}\v{s}tja (si)}}
} & \parbox{127pt}{\raggedright 
{\footnotesize `retaliate, take revenge'}
} \\
\hline
\end{tabular}

\begin{tablenotes} \footnotesize{
\item [1] \footnotesize{The BCS verb would normally
not be used in the meaning `return a favor' (\textit{vratiti} and
\textit{uzvratiti} (\textit{uslugu}) would be usual in this meaning).}}

\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}

This group of verbs also shows similarities with the subgroup referring to
motion from a source state into another and the ``cancellation/annulment''
subgroup; for example, BCS/Blg. \textit{odu\v{c}iti/otu\v{c}a }`unlearn'\textit{
}(see Section \ref{sec:3.2}, abstract separation). \textit{Od-/‌ot-} verbs in the
cancellation group semantically relate either to verbs prefixed with other
prefixes or to some base verbs that refer to an earlier/preceding process or
action. These verbs refer to a metaphorical motion or separation from a source.
The source in the action-in-response group refers to both the former action
(BCS/Blg. \textit{pitati/pitam }`ask' in relation to \textit{odgovoriti/otgovorja
}`respond') and to the speaker. The trajector (the subject of the verb) is a
metaphorical source from which the response departs.

The most common sense of BCS \textit{otplatiti }is `pay the last installment,
pay off, repay a loan'. This meaning is expressed by Blg. \textit{izplatja}
(\textit{zaem, ipoteka}). It is possible in general for this BCS verb to mean
`pay back', but other more specific meaning components are foregrounded. BCS
\textit{odmazditi}, `retaliate, take a reprisal' is not as frequent. The only
related word is the noun \textit{odmazda} `retaliation' and, if \textit{od-} is
detached, the result is a nonexistent word (*\textit{mazditi}). However, if one
detaches \textit{ot}- from the Blg. perfective verb \textit{otm\u{a}stja, }the
result is a usual imperfective verb, \textit{m\u{a}stja }`revenge'.

\section{Overview of the meanings of \textit{od-/‌ot-}}
\label{sec:5}

The discussion in the previous sections has shown that the
\textit{od}/‌\textit{ot-} verbs in BCS and Blg. are quite a homogenous semantic
group. Both BCS and Blg. overall share the semantic network of the prefix
\textit{od}/‌\textit{ot-}. In many examples, these languages use the same verbal
stems prefixed with \textit{od-/‌ot-}, whereas in some other cases the stems of
the base verbs may differ, but the verbs' meaning is equivalent and these verbs
use \textit{od-/‌ot-} in both BCS and Blg. The underlying spatial schema of verbs
with \textit{od-/‌ot-} in both BCS and Blg. relate to ``move away from'' (or the
\textit{from} schema): the concept of concrete or metaphorical motion away from a
LM is inherent in all the \textit{od-/‌ot-} verbs. We present the links between
the various senses of \textit{od-/‌ot-} in Figure \vref{fig:2}.

%\begin{figure}
%\includegraphics[width=435pt]{img-1.eps}{\small  }
%\caption{Links between the various senses of \textit{od-/‌ot-} in BCS and Blg.}
%\label{fig:2}
%\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
	\centering
		\includegraphics[height=3.8in]{fig2_sar.png}
	\caption{Links between the various senses of \textit{od-/‌ot-} in BCS and Blg.}
	\label{fig:2}
\end{figure}

In Figure \vref{fig:2}, the shape in bold line, \emphasis{Motion away,\textbf{ }}is the
prototype in the semantic network. Other shapes represent submeanings (that
partially overlap). The solid lines connect the prototype and submeanings, as
well as individual submeanings, indicating direct meaning relations. The dashed
line indicates a less direct meaning relation. In addition to seven submeanings
corresponding to the semantic subgroups explicitly mentioned in the (sub)titles
of Sections \ref{sec:2}--\ref{sec:4}, Figure \vref{fig:2} includes an eighth submeaning: cancellation,
discussed in the context of abstract separation (see Section \ref{sec:3.2}).

The first group of \textit{od-/‌ot-}verbs discussed in Section \ref{sec:2} belongs to the
central \textit{from} schema, which is the prototype of the \textit{od-/‌ot-}
category that all the \textit{od-/‌ot-} verbs relate to directly or indirectly.
This group denotes motion in space away from a source and encompasses numerous
verbs in both BCS and Blg. In addition to concrete verbs, there is a metaphorical
subgroup of verbs within this group. Our examples have shown that concrete and
abstract meanings most frequently coexist in one single lexical unit, suggesting
that concrete and abstract or metaphorical (motion) are inseparable categories.

The separation meaning (Section \ref{sec:3}) arises naturally from the central meaning:
physical movement away from a source is associated with separation or detachment
of a TR from a LM. Among the separation verbs we identified, there are several
subgroups that depend on the semantics of the base verbs; that is, the event
types they express (e.g., verbs of moving and pushing away, cutting, breaking,
etc.). Separation can be physical or metaphorical, implying that many separation
verbs are used in both concrete and metaphorical meanings. The landmarks in
constructions with separation verbs reveal the concrete versus metaphorical
nature of the verbs' meanings.


The meaning cancellation (or annulment) of a previous state expressed by a
number of separation verbs can be seen as a special case of abstract separation:
movement from a previous state A (or a source state A) into another state B (a
goal state B).

A separate group of verbs denote completion. The completion of a path with
motion verbs (see Section \ref{sec:4}) is metaphorically mapped onto completion of an
action via the conventional metaphor \emphasis{An Activity Is a Journey}. The
completion meaning can be seen as a metonymic transfer: the beginning of the path
stands for the entire path. The meaning of completion is linked to metaphorical
movement of a TR away from the LM and also to metaphorical separation. In verbs
that emphasize the (long) duration of an event, (long) duration can be seen as a
variant and implication of completion. Long duration is a predictable sense
arising in the combination of the semantics of \textit{od-} and that of certain
base verbs. This sense arises, for instance, with posture verbs that lack a
natural terminus, as a result of the interaction of these verbs' meaning and the
emphasis on the source or beginning of the action implied by \textit{od-/‌ot-}.
The following abstract formula may account for this sense:

\ex. Start + Process = Long duration

Here, ``start'' refers to the beginning of a process, ``process'' refers to the
process expressed by posture verbs, and ``long duration'' refers to the resulting
meaning.

The last group of \textit{od-/‌ot-} verbs discussed in Section \ref{sec:4.3} indicates
``action in response'', where the completion of a path is perceived as the
completion of an action that occurs in response to a previous action. The action
indicated by verb with \textit{od-/ot-} is complete when the required response is
provided. This metaphorical subgroup is the reverse of the ``cancellation of a
previous state'' group of verb, where the action indicated by the
\textit{od-/ot-}verb annuls an already completed action rather than initiating a
new one.

At first glance, there seems to be no connection between meanings such as
``movement away'' (the prototypical meaning), and ``action in response'' (a
secondary meaning). However, it can be argued that the two meanings are related.
Some verbs discussed in Section \ref{sec:2} also indicate ``action in response'' in the
realm of concrete motion; for example, BCS/Blg.
\textit{odsko\v{c}iti}/\textit{otsko\v{c}a} `jump off' is a physical
response/reaction to something, and \textit{odsijevati/otrazjavam} `reflect' is
also a response to light. Consequently, the ``action in response'' subgroup of
verbs (at first glance purely ``metaphorical'' in relation to concrete motion)
can be viewed as metaphorically extended from the first group of verbs with a
clear spatial profile. This supports the idea of systematic relations among
different senses of \textit{od-/‌ot-}verbs.

Although BCS and Blg. share the overall semantic network of \textit{od-/‌ot-}
verbs, our analysis of some details revealed some systematic differences, such
as:

(a) One language is lacking an equivalent prefixed with \textit{od-/‌ot-} (but
has a semantically similar equivalent prefixed with another prefix). For
instance, \textit{od-} is often used in BCS versus \textit{iz-} in Blg.:
\textit{odslu\v{s}ati/izslu\v{s}am }`hear out';\textit{ odsvirati/izsvirja }`play
through'.\textit{ }Other prefix variations observed are Blg. \textit{ot-} versus
BCS \textit{u-} (e.g., \textit{ukrasti/otkradna} `steal') and \textit{od-} versus
\textit{raz-}, (e.g., BCS \textit{odmrznuti se }vs.\textit{ }Blg.\textit{
razmrazja }`defrost').


(b) Both languages use verbs with the same stems to express similar (but not
necessarily identical) meanings; the meaning networks of prefixed verbs may
differ to some extent; for example, the metaphorical extensions of
\textit{od}-/\textit{ot}- verbs differ, as with BCS \textit{odskakati }`stand
out/apart, be different from' (impf.)\textit{ }versus\textit{ }Blg.
\textit{otsko\v{c}a }`jump off'\textit{.}

(c) A single verb prefixed with \textit{od}/‌\textit{ot-} in one language may
have several equivalents in the other language, as with Blg. \textit{otbl\u{a}sna
}versus BCS\textit{ odgurati, odbiti, odbaciti }`push away'.

(d) Although the same stem often exists in both languages, the meaning of
prefixed verbs in BCS and Blg. may significantly differ (in their concrete and/or
metaphorical usages); for example, BCS \textit{odstajati }`stay through'\textit{
}and\textit{ }Blg.\textit{ otstoja }`stand (for one's principles)'.


(e) Different stems in the two languages have the same or similar meanings, and
\textit{od-/‌ot-} attaches to different base verbs to convey the same meaning, as
in \textit{odjaviti se / otpi\v{s}a se }`sign off (from a list)'.


When examining subgroups of \textit{od}/‌\textit{ot-}verbs, it seems important
to see the prefix and the base verb as a unity, and not to neglect the semantic
contribution of the base verbs to prefix-verb combinations. This is necessary in
order to avoid attributing semantic parameters of the base verbs to the prefix in
isolation. Some semantic features of a prefix and verb combination are a unique
blend whose characteristics cannot be attributed to any of the elements of the
combination when these elements are considered in isolation (e.g., BCS/Blg.
\textit{od-}/‌\textit{ot-}verbs expressing motion and the concomitant emission of
the sound).

It is also important to consider the other elements regularly co-occurring in
constructions with prefixed units, such as the reflexive particle and adverbs,
and how they contribute to a specific meaning (e.g., in the case of Blg.
constructions with \textit{ot-} meaning `have enough of').

In a comparison of BCS and Blg. verbs prefixed with \textit{od-/‌ot-}, we have
noticed some issues that need further research: for instance, an interesting
relation of verbs prefixed with \textit{od-}/‌\textit{ot-} and \textit{raz-}. In
some cases,\textit{ od-}/‌\textit{ot-} and \textit{raz-} seem to be used
near-synonymously. This variation occurs within the individual languages \ref{ex2} and between BCS and Blg., cf.~\ref{ex3}.


\ex. \label{ex2} BCS \textit{odvezati/razvezati}; Blg.
\textit{otv\u{a}r\v{z}a/razv\u{a}r\v{z}a} `untie'.


\ex. \label{ex3}  BCS \textit{odmrznuti }versus Blg. \textit{razmrazja}
`thaw out, defrost'.


Different forms seem to imply differences in construal: \textit{raz-} seems to
indicate separation emphasizing the radial shape of the trajector's path, `in all
directions', whereas \textit{od}/‌\textit{ot-} indicates separation, but not the
radial shape of the trajector's path.

Moreover, we have noticed that in some cases Blg. uses the prefix \textit{iz-}
in equivalents of BCS verbs prefixed with \textit{od-}. The semantic relation of
antonym pairs with \textit{od-}/‌\textit{do-} and \textit{iz-}/‌\textit{za-} in
spatial and metaphorical contexts of moving away in BCS and Blg. is also an
interesting topic for further research. To arrive at conclusions about these and
some other issues that this analysis was merely able to mention, a corpus
including a sufficient number of texts in both BCS and Blg. would need to be
used. Our assumption is that syntactic patterns are inseparable from semantics,
and so prepositions and adverbs that prefixed verbs combine with must be part of
future studies.






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\section*{Author contact information}

\noindent 
Ljiljana \v{S}ari\'{c}\\
Department of Literature, Area Studies and European Languages \\
University of Oslo\\
Box 1003, Blindern \\
NO-0315 Oslo \\
Norway\\
\url{ljiljana.saric@ilos.uio.no}
\newline

\noindent Ivelina Tchizmarova\\
Department of Linguistics \\
Simon Fraser University\\
8888 University Dr. \\
Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6 \\
Canada\\
\url{itchizmarova@sfu.ca}
\newline
 

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