Samband mellan alkohol och självmord på befolkningsnivå: en översikt
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5617/suicidologi.2241Abstract
I sitt inflytelserika arbete avfärdade Durkheim kategoriskt alkoholkonsumtion eller alkoholmissbruk som en plausibel orsaksfaktor bakom självmord. Detta kan vara ett skäl till att alkoholfaktorn länge var negligerad inom den samhällsvetenskapliga självmordsforskningen. Under de senaste decennierna har dock det publicerats ett växande antal studier på befolkningsnivå där frågeställningen gäller hur förändringar i totalkonsumtionen av alkohol påverkar självmordsfrekvensen i samhället. Föreliggande artikel ger en översikt över den forskning som publicerats på detta område efter 1989. Genom sökningar i MedLine och Social Sciences Citation Index kompletterade med manuella sökningar identifierades 42 relevanta studier. De flesta (34) av de 42 studierna presenterar genusspecifika estimat av sambandet mellan totalkonsumtionen av alkohol och självmord. Av dessa var 53 % signifikant positiva för män, motsvarande siffra för kvinnor var 37 %. Ingen studie rapporterade ett signifikant negativt samband. Det finns en tydlig kulturell variation i sambandets styrka; det tenderar att vara starkare ju mer landets dryckesmönster är inriktat mot berusningsdrickande. Det konkluderas att studierna utgör en breddning av såväl självmordsforskning (genom att inkludera alkoholfaktorn) som alkoholepidemiologisk forskning (genom att bredda utfallspanoramat från somatiska till sociala skador). De flesta studier baseras dock på data från utvecklade västländer. Framtida studier bör vidgas till ett bredare urval av länder. In his influential work Durkheim rejected drinking as a plausible causal factor for suicide. This may be one reason why the alcohol factor was long neglected in sociological suicide research. However, recent decades have witnessed a growing number of studies on the population level where the issue is how changes in alcohol consumption affect the suicide rate. The present article provides an overview of the research published in this area after 1989. Through searches of MedLine and Social Sciences Citation Index supplemented by manual searches 42 relevant studies were identified. Most (34) of the 42 studies present gender-specific estimates of the relationship between alcohol consumption and suicide. Of these, 53 % were significantly positive for males, and 37 % for females. No study reported a significant negative relationship. There is a distinct cultural variation in the strength of the relationship: it tends to be stronger the more the country's drinking patterns are geared towards binge drinking. It is concluded that the studies represent a broadening of the suicide research (by including the alcohol factor) as well as alcohol epidemiological research (by broadening the outcome panorama from somatic to social harm). However, most studies are based on data from developed Western countries. Future studies should include a broader range of countries.Referenser
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